. A history of the United States. g deepwells. In 1862, 3,000,000 barrels of petroleum were takenfrom wells, chiefly in northwestern Pennsylvania. Thecrude oil was sent to Cleveland, Erie, Pittsburgh, and othercities and refined, making kerosene, gasoline, naphtha, andother useful products. Soon after the war Congress carried out the promise madeby the Republican party to give every man a free homesteadof 160 acres if he would settle upon it. The government offi-cials saw that the pioneer who cleared the land for cropswas doing a work no less important than that of those who CONDITION OF THE S
. A history of the United States. g deepwells. In 1862, 3,000,000 barrels of petroleum were takenfrom wells, chiefly in northwestern Pennsylvania. Thecrude oil was sent to Cleveland, Erie, Pittsburgh, and othercities and refined, making kerosene, gasoline, naphtha, andother useful products. Soon after the war Congress carried out the promise madeby the Republican party to give every man a free homesteadof 160 acres if he would settle upon it. The government offi-cials saw that the pioneer who cleared the land for cropswas doing a work no less important than that of those who CONDITION OF THE SOUTH 435 built railroads. Land had been given for railroads; after 1862it was given freely for farms. By 1880, 65,000,000 acreshad been used for this purpose. The discovery of gold in Nevada started a rush of settlersto that region like that to Cahfornia in 1849. Nevada grewso rapidly that Congress admitted it into the Union in were also begun in the region since included inMontana, Idaho, Colorado, and Arizona.^. The Ruins of CharlestonCondition of the South. — In the South, on the other hand,the people felt all the hardships of war. Cotton, the princi-pal crop, could not be sold. The bales were used for breast-works or lay exposed to the weather. If Union armiespassed where cotton was stored, they seized it. Many of the 1 Shortly before the opening of the Civil War a line of overland coachesbegan carrying the mail and passengers regularly from the Missouri Riverto New Mexico, California, and Oregon, following the trails of the prairieschooners. Short lines were started to the chief mining camps of Nevada,Idaho, Montana, and Colorado. It required 22 or 23 days and nights of con-tinuous travehng to reach California. The heavy four-mule stage-coaches weredragged at a galloping pace over desert and mountain roads. It was anythingbut a comfortable journey, sleeping in the seats, halting ten minutes for meals,and watching at all times for attacks from hostile Ind
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