. Department bulletin. Agriculture; Agriculture. Washington, D. C. ? March, 30; 1923 THE BARRIER FACTORS IN GIPSY MOTH TREE-BANDING MATERIAL. By M. T. Smulyan, Specialist, Gipsy Moth and Brown-Tail Moth Investigations, Bureau of Entomology. CONTENTS. Page. Introductory and historical 1 Reasons for investigation 2 The problem 2 Page. Experimental work 3- Summary and conclusions 14 Literature cited 15 INTRODUCTORY AND HISTORICAL. Gipsy moth tree-banding material is a greasy and semiviscid sub- stance, with an odor resembling that of tar, which is being used for tree-banding by the Bureau of Ento
. Department bulletin. Agriculture; Agriculture. Washington, D. C. ? March, 30; 1923 THE BARRIER FACTORS IN GIPSY MOTH TREE-BANDING MATERIAL. By M. T. Smulyan, Specialist, Gipsy Moth and Brown-Tail Moth Investigations, Bureau of Entomology. CONTENTS. Page. Introductory and historical 1 Reasons for investigation 2 The problem 2 Page. Experimental work 3- Summary and conclusions 14 Literature cited 15 INTRODUCTORY AND HISTORICAL. Gipsy moth tree-banding material is a greasy and semiviscid sub- stance, with an odor resembling that of tar, which is being used for tree-banding by the Bureau of Entomology in its control work against the gipsy moth {Porthetria dispar L.). It is a domestic product, originated in 1915, by members of the staff of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, as a result of a request made by A. F. Burgess, in charge of the gipsy moth and brown-tail moth suppression work for the Bureau of En- tomology. It was developed as# a substitute for the German "raupenleim" (1, p. 132),* a product which had been in use, ex- perimentally, in this country since About that time it was brought to the attention of the gipsy moth authorities by Prof. B. E. Fernow, then Chief of the Division of Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture, who knew of its use against the gipsy and nun3 moths and other insects in the European forests (3, p. 129).* The material closely resembles the raupenleim which it has now replaced. As manufactured at present, the gipsy moth tree-banding material is composed of coal-tar neutral oil,5 hard coal-tar pitch, rosin oil, and ordinary commercial hydrated lime (2. p. 3-k).6 The odor and the viscosity of the material, the characteristics or elements which are of chief concern here, become more pronounced wj,th rising temperature, and in a warm and more or less confined atmos- 1 Numbers in parentheses (italic) refer to " Literature cited," p. 15. 2 Other importations were made in 18
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