Uzbekistan/Italy: Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā (c. 980-1037), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinised name Avicenna, portrayed as 'Princeps Abinsceni'. Woodcut, 1520. Ibn Sīnā was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine. His most famous works are 'The Book of Healing', a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and 'The Canon of Medicine', which became a standard medical text.

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Photo credit: © Pictures From History / Alamy / Afripics
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