. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history; Sciences naturelles. 2005 Catling and Carbyn: Scots Pine Replacing Corema Heathland 239. Figure 2. Natural heathland on the west side of Auburn (approximately ° N, ° W) with ground cover domi- nated by Corema (Corema conradii) and scattered native Red Pine (Pinus resinosa). provided a maximally accurate description of biomass. Species up to 2 m tall (including trees) were recorded. In a very few cases where a large tree trunk was in a selected quadrat, the position of the quadrat was moved (up to '/: m) to avoid the trunk. For com
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history; Sciences naturelles. 2005 Catling and Carbyn: Scots Pine Replacing Corema Heathland 239. Figure 2. Natural heathland on the west side of Auburn (approximately ° N, ° W) with ground cover domi- nated by Corema (Corema conradii) and scattered native Red Pine (Pinus resinosa). provided a maximally accurate description of biomass. Species up to 2 m tall (including trees) were recorded. In a very few cases where a large tree trunk was in a selected quadrat, the position of the quadrat was moved (up to '/: m) to avoid the trunk. For comparison, the mean frequencies and covers for each pair of commu- nities was calculated and expressed as a percentage of that of the open heath. Voucher specimens are in the collection of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Ottawa (acronym DAO). Results and Discussion Native Red Pine and White Pine exist as scattered trees in open heathland (Figure 2) and the mature trees are rarely accompanied by nearby saplings and seed- lings, presumably due to difficulty of establishment and specific requirements such as suitable mineral substrate. In contrast mature Scots Pines are usually surrounded by saplings and seedlings, many of which survive to form a dense stand, and the trees can establish in organ- ic soils. Red Pine forming stands in open heath (Figure 3) may result in a reduction of low heathland cover to , as well as a reduction of diversity to (Tables 1 and 2). The dense stands of Scots Pine that develop can cause a much greater reduction of cover and biodiversity with cover reduced to and diver- sity reduced to (Figures. 4 and 5). Corema, the dominant of open heath is reduced from over 100 % cover to less than 2 % cover in stands of Scots Pine (Figure 5). Other than Scots Pine, invasive alien species were not prominent in the sites studied and they did not increase in the presence of Scots Pine (Tables 1 and 2). After invasion by Scots Pine forest, De
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