. Research methods in ecology. Plant ecology. IN DETAIL 295 347. The parts of a formation. All the parts which make up the struc- ture of a formation are directly referable to zonation and alternation, alone or together, or to the interaction of the two. The principles which underlie this have already been discussed under the phenomena concerned. It is necessary to point out further that the structure may be produced in several ways: (i) by zonation alone, (2) by alternation alone, (3) by zonation as primary and alternation as secondary, (4) by primary alternation and sec- ondary zonation, (5)
. Research methods in ecology. Plant ecology. IN DETAIL 295 347. The parts of a formation. All the parts which make up the struc- ture of a formation are directly referable to zonation and alternation, alone or together, or to the interaction of the two. The principles which underlie this have already been discussed under the phenomena concerned. It is necessary to point out further that the structure may be produced in several ways: (i) by zonation alone, (2) by alternation alone, (3) by zonation as primary and alternation as secondary, (4) by primary alternation and sec- ondary zonation, (5) by the interaction of the two, as in layered formations. Though all these methods occur, the first two are relatively rare, and the. Fig. 76. Early (prior) aspect of the alpine meadow formation (Ca- rex-Campanula-coryphium), characterized by Rydbergia grandiRora. resulting structure comparatively imperfect. The typical structure of for- mations can best be made clear by the consideration of a prairie which be- longs to the fourth group, and a forest which represents the last. The major divisions of prairie and forest formations are regularly due to alternation. There is an inherent tendency to the segregation of facies, arising out of physical or historical reasons, or from a combination of both. Not all formations show this, but it is characteristic of the great majority of them. The primary areas which thus arise have been called associations: they are naturally subordinate to the formation. To avoid the confusion which inevitably results from using the word association in two different. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Clements, Frederic E. (Frederic Edward), 1874-1945. Lincoln, Neb. , University Pub. Co.
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