A history of the United States . J. Fiske, Civil Govern-ment, 180-260 ; F. A. Walker, Making of the Nation, 1-75 ; A. B. Hart,Formation of the Union, 93-140 ; J. Fiske, Critical Period of AmericanHistory, 90-101 and 177-186 ; J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical Historyof America, Vol. VI., 716, Vol. VII. ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional His-tory, Vol. I. ; J. Schouler, United States, Vol. I. ; H. C. Lodge, Wash-ington, Vol. II. Fiske, Schouler, and Winsor are the most important ofthe general authorities on almost every point. J. Bryce, The AmericanCommonwealth (abridged edition), chaps, iii., xxv.


A history of the United States . J. Fiske, Civil Govern-ment, 180-260 ; F. A. Walker, Making of the Nation, 1-75 ; A. B. Hart,Formation of the Union, 93-140 ; J. Fiske, Critical Period of AmericanHistory, 90-101 and 177-186 ; J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical Historyof America, Vol. VI., 716, Vol. VII. ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional His-tory, Vol. I. ; J. Schouler, United States, Vol. I. ; H. C. Lodge, Wash-ington, Vol. II. Fiske, Schouler, and Winsor are the most important ofthe general authorities on almost every point. J. Bryce, The AmericanCommonwealth (abridged edition), chaps, iii., xxv., xxix., important onthe various functions of different parts of the government; Elliot, De-bates on the Constitution ; Hamilton, The Federalist; B. A. Hinsdale, TheOld Northwest; W. G. Sumner, The Financier and the Finances of theAmerican Revolution (2 vols.); W. P. Cutler, Ordinance of 1787;American Histoiy Leaflets, Nos. 7, 8, 14, 20 ; Old South Leaflets, XI., 5 ;T. Roosevelt, The Winning of the West, Vol. II., chaps, The United States in 1783 — State Claims and CessionsTo face lu 191 PAKT TIL THE ORGANIZATION OF POLITICALPARTIES, 1789-1825. CHAPTER XII. THE COUNTRY AT THE CLQSE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. GENERAL CONDITIONS, 257. Population and Area. — The country over which Wash-ington began to preside in 1789 was very different from the greatnation it has grown to be. Counting about seven hundred andfifty thousand slaves, the population did not quite reach fourmillions. Eleven years later, by the second census, that of 1800,this population had increased to 5,308,480; but the area of827,844 square miles was not yet settled at the ratio of six and ahalf persons to a square mile. It was only along the Atlanticcoast from Virginia to Massachusetts that the original wilder-ness had been fairly conquered by settlements that furnished apopulation of from twenty-five to ninety inhabitants to thesquare mile. 258. Boundary Disputes.—The boundaries of this immenseand pr


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