. Egypt and the Sûdân; handbook for travellers. C T ® .Dunqul? V G«-belOiuSlinbrfv\ c,* *»^) Ylfvisial Jf<,7ti^<, -^. WagnerAa)etoesGeo2^Estab* Leipz DEROI). 27. Ronff. 387 Esypt; bnt In 451 they were defeated by Marciaji, who a peace witli them (p. 364). Christianity established itself at Philae in the 4th cent., andthence extended throughout Nubia, where the temples were con-verted into churches. In G40 Egypt and tlie Upper Nile Valleyfell into the hands of the Mohammedans. j4Tnr (p. cxiii) penetratedas far as Dongola and imposed tribu

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. Egypt and the Sûdân; handbook for travellers. C T ® .Dunqul? V G«-belOiuSlinbrfv\ c,* *»^) Ylfvisial Jf<,7ti^<, -^. WagnerAa)etoesGeo2^Estab* Leipz DEROI). 27. Ronff. 387 Esypt; bnt In 451 they were defeated by Marciaji, who a peace witli them (p. 364). Christianity established itself at Philae in the 4th cent., andthence extended throughout Nubia, where the temples were con-verted into churches. In G40 Egypt and tlie Upper Nile Valleyfell into the hands of the Mohammedans. j4Tnr (p. cxiii) penetratedas far as Dongola and imposed tribute upon Nubia, but no enduringsubjugation of the country was eflected. Shams ed-D61a, brotherof Saladin, took possession of the fortress of ihrim (p. 402) in 1173and plundered the church-treasury; but Christianity yielded toIslam very gradually, and a Christian kingdom lingered at Sobaon the Blue Nile (p. 432) nntil the middle ages. We know littleof the Mohammedan principalities established at Derr, Dongola,Sennar, and other points in Nubia. In 1821 Ismail Pasha con-quered the whole of Nubia for his father, Mohammed Ali, Pasha ofEgypt. For the

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