. The age of Hildebrand. ^ insouthern France resulted in frightful bloodshed with-out killing the revolt against ecclesiastical , Venice, and Lombardy were too strong forhim. Magna Charta was something which he couldnot annul by a decree. Beneath the Popes feet theground was being silently honeycombed, and the im-posing fabric, planned by Hildebrand and built up bynineteen successive popes during nearly a centuryand a half, was in danger from its own height. Themonstrous assumptions and unscrupulous methods ofthe Papacy had been slowly preparing a protest whichwas sure to make
. The age of Hildebrand. ^ insouthern France resulted in frightful bloodshed with-out killing the revolt against ecclesiastical , Venice, and Lombardy were too strong forhim. Magna Charta was something which he couldnot annul by a decree. Beneath the Popes feet theground was being silently honeycombed, and the im-posing fabric, planned by Hildebrand and built up bynineteen successive popes during nearly a centuryand a half, was in danger from its own height. Themonstrous assumptions and unscrupulous methods ofthe Papacy had been slowly preparing a protest whichwas sure to make itself heard ere long; and the vic-torious uprising of the Lombard communities, theConstitutions of Clarendon, the Magna Charta, andthe republican movement in Rome itself, revealed theexistence and energy of an independent national con-sciousness which boded no good to the Roman CHAPTER XXXIV. THE POPES AND FREDERICK II.—THE PASTOUREAUXAND FLAGELLANTS—TPIE MENDICANT ORDERS. HE efforts of Innocents successors fornearly a century resulted in no new orlarger development of the hierarchicalprinciple. They were spent in the at-tempt to maintain it at the level towhich Innocent had brought it. The principal interestof the three following pontificates—those of Honorius III. (1216-27), Gregory IX. (1227-41), and Innocent IV. (1243-51)—lies in the papal contest with Fred-erick II., the development of the Mendicant orders,the growth and influence of the universities, and theInquisition. The English historian Matthew Paris speaks ofFrederick as the wonder of the world. Mr. Free-man remarks that there probably never lived ahuman being endowed with greater natural gifts, orwhose natural gifts were, according to the meansafforded him by his age, more sedulously , statesman, lawgiver, scholar, there was noth-ing in the compass of the political or i
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