A treatise on zoology . ranches: the Characinidae depart least from theprimitive type, and lead to the Cyprinidae and eel-like Gymnotidae ;the other branch includes the Siluroidei, among which are some ofthe most specialised of Teleosts. -pn Tribe A. Characinoidei. This includes the more generalised forms, with pari^tals distinct andnot separated by the supraoccipital, well-developed opercular bones, three to- five branchiostegals,?^- , and a symplectic. Ex- cept on the first foursegments, the anteriorparapophyses are usu-ally short, separate fromthe centrum, and bear-ing pleural ribs. Theseco
A treatise on zoology . ranches: the Characinidae depart least from theprimitive type, and lead to the Cyprinidae and eel-like Gymnotidae ;the other branch includes the Siluroidei, among which are some ofthe most specialised of Teleosts. -pn Tribe A. Characinoidei. This includes the more generalised forms, with pari^tals distinct andnot separated by the supraoccipital, well-developed opercular bones, three to- five branchiostegals,?^- , and a symplectic. Ex- cept on the first foursegments, the anteriorparapophyses are usu-ally short, separate fromthe centrum, and bear-ing pleural ribs. Thesecond and third centrabecome fused and theparapophyses of thefourth vertebra en-larged, bent downwards,and applied to the air-bladder, which is gener-ally subdivided into ananterior and a posteriorchamber (Fig. 199).From the latter comesthe pneumatic and epi-neurals are present. Family Characini-dae. The scales arecycloid or with a hinderctenoid edge. Tlie max-illa may be toothed aswell as the premaxilla. Fig. 360. Left jaw-bones of A, Erythrimis imitaeniatns, Spix. ; andB, Citharinns Gcoffroyi, Cuv. (After Sajremehl.) an, angular ;art, articular; d, dentary ; cct, ; rut, entoptery-goid; /, foramen; /im, liyoniaiKlibuIar ; mr, nietapterygoiil ;mx, maxilla ; pi, palatine ; jjwj, premaxilla ; pro, preoi)ercular : ^^^ dentary : the teetli/, quadrate; s, cartilage; sy, .symplectic. , <? i i may be power I ul and with several cusps (Fig. 360). Sometimes an incomplete interorbital septum is present. The anterior chamber of the air-bladder may be C YPRINIFORMES 37 5 cellular as in Erythrimis ; in Citharinus there is an accessory respiratorydiverticulum of the gill-cavity. There are many pyloric caeca ami anadipose tin [379]. Tetragonopterus, Ag.; Tertiary, Brazil. Hijdrocijon, Cuv. ; Alcstes,M. and T.—Africa. Grenuchus, Giinth. ; Brycon, M. and T. ; Clialceus,Cuv. ; Serrasalmo, Lac.; Piahudna, C. and V.—America. Distichodus, T. ; Citharinus,
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