. Railway track and track work . 81and 82. The ditch may be closed against small animals by stakes driven intothe ground and nailed to the bottom of the wing fence. The width betweenthe aprons at rail level is generally 10 ft. and they should be inclined away from 150 TRACK. the track, so as to be clear of persons on car steps or freight-car ladders. Indistricts where there is much snow, the aprons and the ends of the wing fencesare sometimes removed in winter, so as not to foul snow plows. The wingand apron fences should be kept well whitewashed, as cattle object to passinga whitewashed fence
. Railway track and track work . 81and 82. The ditch may be closed against small animals by stakes driven intothe ground and nailed to the bottom of the wing fence. The width betweenthe aprons at rail level is generally 10 ft. and they should be inclined away from 150 TRACK. the track, so as to be clear of persons on car steps or freight-car ladders. Indistricts where there is much snow, the aprons and the ends of the wing fencesare sometimes removed in winter, so as not to foul snow plows. The wingand apron fences should be kept well whitewashed, as cattle object to passinga whitewashed fence more than an ordinary fence. Cattleguards. Where highways are crossed at grade, a cattleguard is usually placed acrossthe track at each side of the road, with wing or lateral fences extending to themain fences, to prevent cattle from straying onto the track or right of are also used to some extent at the approaches to bridges, tunnels or deepcuts. The cattleguard is placed some distance from the bridge, and the fence. Plan, )fh ^ i , 111 I m, ; _Jll ) With Beveled Ties. Wit* Slnfc. Fig. 81.—Pit Cattleguard. is carried along on each side to the abutments or under the first span. Attunnels, the cattleguard is placed near the mouth of the approach cut, and thefence is carried along the cut and over the portal. For deep and narrow cutsthe cattleguard is placed near the mouth of the cut. Besides being effectivein turning cattle, the guard should meet the following requirements: 1, Reason-able in first cost and maintenance expense; 2, Permit of proper maintenanceof track; 3, Not liable to cause derailment or wreck a derailed train; 4, Notliable to become loose or to be caught by low-hung brake rigging, etc.; 5, Easilyand safely passed by employees; 6, Not liable to trap or throw cattle attemptingto pass; 7, Not noisy or rattling under trains. It is not as easy to turn cattle as might be supposed. If straying along theroad they will sometimes spend considerable time in try
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