. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture -- United States. BULLETIN OF THE No. 152 Contribution from the Forest Service, Henry S. Graves, Forester. February 3, THE EASTERN (Tsuga canadensis (Linn.) Carr.) By E. H. Frothingham, Forest Examiner. CONTENTS. Introduction 1 Geographical range 2 Commercial range 3 Amount of standing timber 4 Value of standing hemlock 5 Utilization of hemlock 7 Structure and development of the tree 15 Associated species 21 Effects of light, soil, and moisture on the composition of the stand 22 Reproduction 23 Rate of
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture -- United States. BULLETIN OF THE No. 152 Contribution from the Forest Service, Henry S. Graves, Forester. February 3, THE EASTERN (Tsuga canadensis (Linn.) Carr.) By E. H. Frothingham, Forest Examiner. CONTENTS. Introduction 1 Geographical range 2 Commercial range 3 Amount of standing timber 4 Value of standing hemlock 5 Utilization of hemlock 7 Structure and development of the tree 15 Associated species 21 Effects of light, soil, and moisture on the composition of the stand 22 Reproduction 23 Rate of growth 24 Susceptibility to injury 27 Hemlock in forest management 29 Appendix 31 INTRODUCTION. Though excelled in most respects by other trees in the region of its growth, eastern hemlock is none the less a most important mem- ber of the remaining old-growth forests. Its lumber, once held nearly worthless, now serves many purposes for which pine was formerly demanded; its wood supplies more raw material for paper pulp than does any other in the United States except spruce, while the amount of its bark used for tanning exceeds that of all other native species combined. Compared with pine, hemlock has been lumbered for only a short time, but this exploitation, accompanied as it has often been by waste and fire, has already greatly reduced the supply of standing timber. If the present rate of cutting con- tinues hemlock will before very long be as scarce as old-growth pine. In spite of its present importance, hemlock is not a tree of promise for forest planting. White and red pine will yield better lumber in a much shorter time and on poorer soils, are less suceptible to decay, and are more easily grown. Spruce serves as well for the protection of watersheds and stream sources, and produces better pulpwood i There are two species of hemlock in the eastern United States, but one— Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.— Is restricted to the Southern Appalachians, and is of only local import
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