. Surgery, its principles and practice . hey can usually be felt by digital examination ofthe rectum. In all doubtful cases an x-ray photograph should be a small stone only partially obstructs the urethra and cannot befelt on palpation, a stone-searcher should be inserted into the the instrument comes in contact with the stone, a gritty sensationwill usually be imparted to the examining hand. An endoscopic examina-tion will generally reveal the presence of small stones embedded in theurethra. Treatment.—The method of extracting a concretion that has orig-inated in the


. Surgery, its principles and practice . hey can usually be felt by digital examination ofthe rectum. In all doubtful cases an x-ray photograph should be a small stone only partially obstructs the urethra and cannot befelt on palpation, a stone-searcher should be inserted into the the instrument comes in contact with the stone, a gritty sensationwill usually be imparted to the examining hand. An endoscopic examina-tion will generally reveal the presence of small stones embedded in theurethra. Treatment.—The method of extracting a concretion that has orig-inated in the urethra differs from that pursued when the canal is occludedby fragments of vesical or renal calculi. The various instruments de-vised for extracting ordinary foreign bodies cannot be used in such the calculus is either held fast behind a tight constriction or is partlyencysted, the concretion can safely be removed only by performing anexternal urethrotomy. The urethra may be incised externally on the floor, in any portion of. RETENTION OF URINE. 513 its course, with perfect safety, and with far better results than can pos-sibly be attained by attempts at extracting foreign bodies with hooks,scoops, or forceps. When a stone is lodged behind a contracted meatus or is embedded inthe fossa navicularis, it can readily be reached by performing meatotomy,or by making an incision on the floor of the urethra of sufficient length torender extraction easy. If the stone is not too large, it may be graspedby a pair of urethral forceps, through a small incision on the floor of thecanal, and then crushed, and the fragments removed with a small scoopor by irrigation, the incision being closed by a few fine silk sutures. Whenthe body is lodged in the penile urethra behind a tight structure, an ex-ternal urethrotomy should be performed. The stone can easily be de-tected on palpation as a hard mass on the under surface of the should be grasped between the index-finger and t


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