. History of Rome and of the Roman people, from its origin to the Invasion of the Barbarians;. hin its stead against the Tiber and robbers, fire and plague, andall the ills to which its carelessness left it so greatly took care not to O No. L leave these requirements un-supplied. He knew that hemust furnish bread if hewished to secure order, —that one sole aim of his ad-ministration. Accordingly,his great business in Rome,after strengthening his pow-er, was to guarantee themeans of subsistence for theimmense population whichencumbered the city. Hewould willingly have avoid-ed
. History of Rome and of the Roman people, from its origin to the Invasion of the Barbarians;. hin its stead against the Tiber and robbers, fire and plague, andall the ills to which its carelessness left it so greatly took care not to O No. L leave these requirements un-supplied. He knew that hemust furnish bread if hewished to secure order, —that one sole aim of his ad-ministration. Accordingly,his great business in Rome,after strengthening his pow-er, was to guarantee themeans of subsistence for theimmense population whichencumbered the city. Hewould willingly have avoid-ed doing so, and have sentthis inconvenient crowd out into the country. But the distributions was applied to the wives an<l children of senators {Id., ; Renier, Imcr. dAlger., 182Ô,1827, etc.). 1 From two specimens found in the excavations. No. 1, a tessera of older pattern, atablet upon which is stamped the number of measures to be received ; No. 2, a tessera ofmore recent date, a hollow ball with the quantity obtained written upon it. Upon thefrumentationes, see Vol. II. p. FRUMENTARY TESSERAE, OR CHECKS FOR BREAD.* 116 AUGUSTUS, OR THE FOUNDATION OF THE EMPIRE. were a legacy of the Republic ; and we have seen that an idea ofright attached to them which the Gracchi and even Cato had recognized, and Caesar?^. —-T^J^- respected. Augustus ~~ made tlie frumenta- ttones an imperial in-stitution under thedirection of tlie ^jroe-fectus annonae, wliowas the judge in allcases, civil or criminal,relating to trade ingrain. At first all,rich and poor alike,had been admitted tothe enjoyment of anadvantage Avon by all ;later, the senatorsand knights had beenexcluded. Augustusjpyi drew lip the frumen-,^;j-4>^VX^; tary law settling thequantity of wheat tobe supplied by theprovinces for the con-sumption of the pal-ace, the soldiers andthe citizens dwelling in Rome {annona militaris and annona civica);on the other hand he determined the number of individuals receiv-ing it,
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