. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. SELF-ORGANIZED FISH SCHOOLS 299 Avoid Flash expansion \\fy>' \\\\ Cruise. Herd m^ \\^ \W\\X 1JI*N ^ - 4^ SiST/" ^z-/b&ty WJ??^' ^w%v r&tf?' '"* x^?'/b Vacuole b^—^_ '%,/; Join Confusion zone Hourglass Figure 2. Examples of coordinated movement and directed activity, both emergent properties of fish schools, which are also commonly cited defense tactics against predatory attack. Fig. from Pitcher and Fairish 1993. Reprinted with permission from the author and Kluwer Academic Publishers. Usually, pos
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. SELF-ORGANIZED FISH SCHOOLS 299 Avoid Flash expansion \\fy>' \\\\ Cruise. Herd m^ \\^ \W\\X 1JI*N ^ - 4^ SiST/" ^z-/b&ty WJ??^' ^w%v r&tf?' '"* x^?'/b Vacuole b^—^_ '%,/; Join Confusion zone Hourglass Figure 2. Examples of coordinated movement and directed activity, both emergent properties of fish schools, which are also commonly cited defense tactics against predatory attack. Fig. from Pitcher and Fairish 1993. Reprinted with permission from the author and Kluwer Academic Publishers. Usually, positional preference is formulated as a preferred distance to one or more nearest neighbor(s). Variations on positional preference include assigned distance zones (, repulsion, parallel orientation, attraction, searching) within which neighbors are treated equally (Huth and Wissel, 1992; Stocker, 1999) or continuous distance weighting (Warburton and Lazarus, 1991: Reuter and Breckling, 1994; Romey, 1996). In some models, other positional parameters influence responses, such as bearing angle to neighbors, or estimated collision time (Dill el al., 1997). The biological underpinning is obvious: that individual group members do not collide, that groups do not dissolve, and that stragglers join. Taken together, behavioral matching and positional preference describe what a fish should do, , move to- wards or away from neighbors, align with neighbors, search for neighbors (Fig. 3; RPOA dependence. Table 1), and how much consideration it should give any neighbor in the perception field (neighbor scaling rule. Table 1). Numerical preference refers to the number of neighbors to which a fish pays attention, which we generically refer to as the rule size. Variations include an a priori value ( 4: Warburton and Lazarus, 1991) or a conditional value ( choose up to 4 in the nearest zone: Aoki. 1982; choose up to 4, front prioritized: Huth and Wissel. 1992). Many simply have
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
