. The economics of biodiversity loss: Scoping the science . Non-use value \ Actual/planned use Option value For others Existence Direct use Indirect use Altruism Bequest Consumptive use I Non- consumptive use Figure 12 Total Economic Value framework (adapted from Defra 2007). Direct consumptive use values Direct consumptive use values are those obtained when individuals make actual or planned use of an ecosystem by extracting resources from it. Amongst the benefits/processes we are reviewing, this corresponds to those where there is direct harvesting from nature: livestock grazing in natural a

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. The economics of biodiversity loss: Scoping the science . Non-use value \ Actual/planned use Option value For others Existence Direct use Indirect use Altruism Bequest Consumptive use I Non- consumptive use Figure 12 Total Economic Value framework (adapted from Defra 2007). Direct consumptive use values Direct consumptive use values are those obtained when individuals make actual or planned use of an ecosystem by extracting resources from it. Amongst the benefits/processes we are reviewing, this corresponds to those where there is direct harvesting from nature: livestock grazing in natural areas (theme 5), marine and inland fisheries (including recreational fishing; 6 and 7), harvesting of wild animal products (including recreational hunting; 8), harvesting of wild plant fibers (10), and harvesting of medicinal plants (11). 42

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Keywords: ., bhlconsortium, bookcollectionbiodiversity, bookcont, bookyear2008