. The American public school; a genetic study of principles, practices, and present problems . physi-ology, as it was then called. The emphasis waschiefly upon the elements of anatomy. In someschools they learned, for example, to name all the bonesof the body. At that time hygiene was taught onlyincidentally. To-day the emphasis is primarily onpractical hygiene, with considerable attention to thebacteria that are responsible for common diseases,especially contagious diseases, and also to the socialcooperation necessary to . successful sanitation, thusestablishing a close connection between hyg
. The American public school; a genetic study of principles, practices, and present problems . physi-ology, as it was then called. The emphasis waschiefly upon the elements of anatomy. In someschools they learned, for example, to name all the bonesof the body. At that time hygiene was taught onlyincidentally. To-day the emphasis is primarily onpractical hygiene, with considerable attention to thebacteria that are responsible for common diseases,especially contagious diseases, and also to the socialcooperation necessary to . successful sanitation, thusestablishing a close connection between hygiene andcivics. This change in the contents of school hygienehas been brought about quite gradualh^ during theperiod. Meantime state law almost everywhere hasrequired instruction in the effects of nicotine andalcohol. No doubt this was a contributory cause ofthe temperance reform that brought about the Eight- 238 THE AMERICAN PUBLIC SCHOOL eenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Dur-ing the past five years interest in health work andphysical education has increased rapidly and a great. Courtesy of the American Red Cross and The Peoples InstUiUe of New York Work in the Schools. development in these types of work is sure to occurin the near future. An important feature of thedevelopment has been the emphasis upon training in THE RECENT PERIOD 239 health habits^ — regular hours of sleeping, regularityin eating and in attention to the bodily functions,regularity in bathing and in cleaning the teeth. Social Studies. — The tendencies just described ingeography, history, and hygiene were the beginningsof a movement in the direction of the teaching of thesociological subjects. Geography has consisted in-creasingly in a study of industrial and social condi-tions. In history the tendency is away from thechronicles of kings toward an account of the life of thecommon people. In hygiene more and more attentionis being given to the cooperative action necessary topreserve
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