. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. l&r d e anti-cytokine Figure 3. Immunocytochemistry on Botryllus schlosseri hemocytcs with anti-BA (a, h), and anti-cytokine (c-e) antibodies, (a) Positive HA; (hi negative morula cells; (c) unlabeled. unstimulated HA; (d) stimulated HA positive for IL-l-a; (e) stimulated MLC positive for TNF-a. Bar = 1? /xm. Discussion In the present work, we demonstrate that molecules rec- ognized by antibodies raised to human IL-l-o and TNF-o are present in immunocytes of the compound ascidian Bot- tyllus schlosseri. After stimulation
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. l&r d e anti-cytokine Figure 3. Immunocytochemistry on Botryllus schlosseri hemocytcs with anti-BA (a, h), and anti-cytokine (c-e) antibodies, (a) Positive HA; (hi negative morula cells; (c) unlabeled. unstimulated HA; (d) stimulated HA positive for IL-l-a; (e) stimulated MLC positive for TNF-a. Bar = 1? /xm. Discussion In the present work, we demonstrate that molecules rec- ognized by antibodies raised to human IL-l-o and TNF-o are present in immunocytes of the compound ascidian Bot- tyllus schlosseri. After stimulation, only morula cells, among all hemocytes, show a marked and significant in- crease in immunoreactivity. The increase in the number of immunoreactive cells depends on the length of the time of hemocyte incubation with the stimulating agents. In con- trast, among unstimulated hemocytes, only some morula cells and a few phagocytes are immunoreactive. Therefore, although the ligands recognized by the antibodies used are unknown and notwithstanding that serological cross-reac- tivity is not sufficient proof of evolutionary homology be- tween those ligands and vertebrate cytokines. still our data indicate that the morula cells have an important immuno- modulatory role in ascidian blood. We hypothesize that morula cells are the main source of cytokine-like molecules in Botryllus hemolymph, which can better explain their abundance in the circulation. Indeed, these cells are able to encapsulate foreign bodies (Anderson, 1971; Wright, 1981; De Leo el al, 1996) and are involved in clotting after blood vessel damage (Vallee, reported by Wright, 19X1). In many ascidian species, they can also induce cytotoxicity after recognition of foreign molecules or cells (Parrinello, 1996; Cammarata el 1997: Ballarin ct uL. 1998). All these events can be modulated by cytokine- like molecules produced by activated cells. In agreement with this view, TNF-a-like molecules are involved in insect encaps
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
