The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 2); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . ttum in the tenth century, but,like most other questions of costume, the history isextremely perplexed. The wearing of any head-covering, other than hood or cowl, on state occasionswithin doors seems to have originally been a dis-tinction reserved for the privileged few. The con-stitutions of Cardinal Ottoboni issued by him forEngland in 1268 forbid the wearing of caps vulgarlycalled coyphae (cf. the coif of the serjeant-at-law)to clerics, exce
The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 2); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . ttum in the tenth century, but,like most other questions of costume, the history isextremely perplexed. The wearing of any head-covering, other than hood or cowl, on state occasionswithin doors seems to have originally been a dis-tinction reserved for the privileged few. The con-stitutions of Cardinal Ottoboni issued by him forEngland in 1268 forbid the wearing of caps vulgarlycalled coyphae (cf. the coif of the serjeant-at-law)to clerics, except when on journeys. In church andwhen in the presence of their superiors their headsare to remain uncovered. From this law the highergraduates of the universities were excepted, thusGiovanni dAndrea, in his gloss on the ClementineDecretals, declares (c. 1320) that at Bologna theinsignia of the Doctorate were the cathedra (chair)and the birettum. At first the birettum was a kind of skull cap vrith asmall tuft, but it developed into a soft round capeasily indented by the fingers in putting it on andoff, and it acquired in this way the rudimentary. Monument Representing DoctorOF Laws wearing Biretta, outline of its present three peaks. We may findsuch a cap delineated in many drawings of the fif-teenth century, one of which, representing universitydignitaries at the Council of Constance, who aredescribed in the accompanying text as birrectati, ishere same kindof cap is worn bythe cardinals sit-ting in conclaveand depicted inthe same contem-porary series ofdrawings, as alsoby preachers ad-dressing the as-sembly. Theprivilege of wear-ing some suchhead-dress wasextended in thecourse of the six-teenth c e n t u ryto the lowergrades of the cler-gy, and after awhile the chiefdistinction be-came one of col-our, the cardinalsalways wearingred birettas, andbishops shape dur-ing the sixteenthand seventeenth centuries was everywhere con-siderably modified,
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