. Arthur and Fritz Kahn Collection 1889-1932. Kahn, Fritz 1888-1968; Kahn, Arthur David 1850-1928; Natural history illustrators; Natural history. itself, wcrked over five times by expedi- tions since 1949. The settlement resembled a fortified medieval monastery (see map), There was a central building, originally about 124 ft. Square, adjoined by a complex of rooms, passageways and cisterns. At one comer was a formidable tower with three-foot- thick walls, probably designed as a lookout post and last-ditch defense point. Other rooms included kitchens and refectories, a scriptorium and a pottery
. Arthur and Fritz Kahn Collection 1889-1932. Kahn, Fritz 1888-1968; Kahn, Arthur David 1850-1928; Natural history illustrators; Natural history. itself, wcrked over five times by expedi- tions since 1949. The settlement resembled a fortified medieval monastery (see map), There was a central building, originally about 124 ft. Square, adjoined by a complex of rooms, passageways and cisterns. At one comer was a formidable tower with three-foot- thick walls, probably designed as a lookout post and last-ditch defense point. Other rooms included kitchens and refectories, a scriptorium and a pottery (where the scroUs' storage jars were presumably made). Flour mills, storage bins and ovens have also been uncovered, indicating a highly self-sufficient Community. This was the setting of their life. How did they lead it? Their two guiding prin- ciples were both profoundly Jewish—rit- ual purity and apocalypticism, i,e,, the ex- pectation of the end of the world. They saw their desert retreat as symbolizing the desert wanderings of the Jews under Moses. And their asceticism was not for its own sake but a preparation for the new dispensation. Like the first Christians they held all things in common, looking for- ward to the characteristics of life in the New Age: unity, brotherhood, love. They identified themselves, the Congregation of the Poor, with the "meek who shall inherit the ; Love of Low. Twice a day they cele- brated a solemn communion meal, with blessing of bread and wine. This, says Scholar Gross, was **a liturgical anticipa- tion of the Messianic banquet" in the Coming kingdom—a concept that was a common theme in the Judaism of the time. Another regulär practice of the Es- senes was baptism. On entering the Com- munity, individuals received a baptism on repentance of sins (unlike the later Christian practice, however, the Essene baptism was renewed each year and sup- plemented by continued daily ritual wash- ings or lustrations). Study of t
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