. The biology of marine animals. Marine animals; Physiology, Comparative. PIGMENTS AND COLOURS 473 within its own tissues, including the gonads, but in another species, Cribrina xanthogrammica, the carotenoids are contained in symbiotic algae living inside the anemone (22, 23, 50). A equals = CH-CH CH-C=CH-CH=CH-CH=C-CH = CH-CH = CH, CH, H3C CH3 HjjC CH3 —CH=CH-C=,4 = C-CH=CH —CH3 ' ' CH3 CH3 /?-CAROTENE. Many corals and reef anemones are bright blue in colour, possibly due to carotiproteins. The blue pigments in the umbrella of Scyphomedusae (Cyanea, Amelia) known as cyaneins are carotiprotei
. The biology of marine animals. Marine animals; Physiology, Comparative. PIGMENTS AND COLOURS 473 within its own tissues, including the gonads, but in another species, Cribrina xanthogrammica, the carotenoids are contained in symbiotic algae living inside the anemone (22, 23, 50). A equals = CH-CH CH-C=CH-CH=CH-CH=C-CH = CH-CH = CH, CH, H3C CH3 HjjC CH3 —CH=CH-C=,4 = C-CH=CH —CH3 ' ' CH3 CH3 /?-CAROTENE. Many corals and reef anemones are bright blue in colour, possibly due to carotiproteins. The blue pigments in the umbrella of Scyphomedusae (Cyanea, Amelia) known as cyaneins are carotiproteins, as is the blue pigment velellin of the siphonophores Velella and Physalia. The brown pigment responsible for the characteristic markings of Chrysaora appears to be a form of cyanein and sometimes, as in Cyanea capillata, the colour is brown or blue according to the variety. In addition, carotenoids are accumulated in the ovaries (Amelia) (23, 31, 63, 80). Carotenoids in the different groups of worms have been little studied. Nemertines, both littoral and bathypelagic, are frequently brightly coloured, due to carotenoids located in the skin and alimentary canal. Carotenoids also occur in some polyclads, serpulids and other polychaetes. The burrow- ing polychaete Thoracophelia mucronata contains considerable quantities of ^-carotene (0-36 mg/g tissue) (17, 20). Brightly coloured carotenoid pigments are common in echinoderms, especially in the integument, digestive glands, gonads and eggs of asteroids, the gonads of echinoids and holothurians, and the integument of ophiuroids. Fox (16) has ob- served that oxygenated carotene derivatives such as astaxanthin frequently predominate over carotenes in starfishes. These animals are often coloured in rich hues of blue, purple, violet, pink and brown, which are due to carotenoids conjugated with proteins in the integument (Solaster, Asterias, Porania). A sexual difference has been found in the carotenoid content of Dendraster exce
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