History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . ons. The Hapsburgpossessions were inhabited byGermans in Austria proper, aSlav people (the Czechs) mixedwith Germans in Bohemia andMoravia, Poles in Galicia, Hun-garians or Magyars along withRumanians and smaller groupsof other peoples in Hungary;Croats and Slovenes (bothSlavs) in the south, Italians inMilan and Tuscany, and Flemishand Walloons in the problems which confronted Maria Theresa and her sonJoseph II were much more difficult than those of France or , Italians, Magyars, a
History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . ons. The Hapsburgpossessions were inhabited byGermans in Austria proper, aSlav people (the Czechs) mixedwith Germans in Bohemia andMoravia, Poles in Galicia, Hun-garians or Magyars along withRumanians and smaller groupsof other peoples in Hungary;Croats and Slovenes (bothSlavs) in the south, Italians inMilan and Tuscany, and Flemishand Walloons in the problems which confronted Maria Theresa and her sonJoseph II were much more difficult than those of France or , Italians, Magyars, and Germans could never be united intoone state by such common interests as Englishmen or Frenchmenhave felt so keenly in the last two centuries. Instead of fusing to-gether to form a nation, the peoples ruled over by the Hapsburgshave been on such bad terms with each other that with the terribledisasters of the World War they finally split apart, formingseparate nations. Moreover, since some of its peoples, especiallythe Slavs, Poles, and Rumanians, lived in neighboring states as. Russia and Prussia become European Powers 619 well, the Hapsburg monarchy was always much concerned inwhat happened outside its borders. The immediate cause of theterrible conflict which began in 1914 was trouble between Aus-tria and her neighbor Serbia. So if one hopes to understandthe great questions of our own time he must follow carefully thecomplicated history of Austria and her ever-changing realms. VII. Reforms of Frederick II, Catherine II,AND Joseph II 914. The Benevolent Despots. The monarchs whose warswe have been following—Frederick the Great, Catherine theGreat, Maria Theresa, and Emperor Joseph II—are commonlyknown as the enlightened or benevolent despots. Theywere no doubt more enlightened than the older kings ; at leastthey all read books and associated with learned men. But theywere not more benevolent than Charlemagne, or Canute, orSt. Louis, or many other monarchs of earlier cen
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