. Elements of ecology. Ecology. Vertical Changes 137 tion from one water layer to another is negligible. Conduction through quiet water is similarly very slow. If all the water in Lake Constance with a depth of 100 m were cooled to 0°C and then the uppermost layer heated to 30°C, more than 100 years would be re- quired for a measurable amount of heat to reach the bottom by radia- tion and conduction alone. It is obvious that heat can be transferred Temperature,°C 12 16 20 24 28. > Deep layer 20001- Modified from Iselin, 1936 Fig. Permanent vertical temperature structure in the deep wat
. Elements of ecology. Ecology. Vertical Changes 137 tion from one water layer to another is negligible. Conduction through quiet water is similarly very slow. If all the water in Lake Constance with a depth of 100 m were cooled to 0°C and then the uppermost layer heated to 30°C, more than 100 years would be re- quired for a measurable amount of heat to reach the bottom by radia- tion and conduction alone. It is obvious that heat can be transferred Temperature,°C 12 16 20 24 28. > Deep layer 20001- Modified from Iselin, 1936 Fig. Permanent vertical temperature structure in the deep water of the central North Atlantic. The seasonal changes in upper layers are indicated: (A) April, (B) August, (C) December, (D) February. to lower levels only by the actual movement of the water, that is, by vertical circulation. We are further convinced of this conclusion when we examine situa- tions where vertical circulation has been prevented. When the tem- perature of the bottom water of a pond has been reduced to 4°C and. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Clarke, George L. (George Leonard), 1905-. New York, Wiley
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