Roman antiquities: or, An account of the manners and customs of the Romans; . open {c(EC(B et patentes\ according- tothe nature of the soil, and water-furrows {sulci aquarii vel elices,yThe instruments used in tillage were, Aratrum, the plough, concerning the form of which authorsare not agreed. Its chief parts were, temo, the beam, to whichthe jugum, or yoke, was fastened; stiva, the plough-tail orhandle, on the end of which was a cross bar [transversa regula,called 5IANICULA vel capulus), which the ploughman {arator ) took hold of, and by it directed the plough ; vomer,vel -is, the
Roman antiquities: or, An account of the manners and customs of the Romans; . open {c(EC(B et patentes\ according- tothe nature of the soil, and water-furrows {sulci aquarii vel elices,yThe instruments used in tillage were, Aratrum, the plough, concerning the form of which authorsare not agreed. Its chief parts were, temo, the beam, to whichthe jugum, or yoke, was fastened; stiva, the plough-tail orhandle, on the end of which was a cross bar [transversa regula,called 5IANICULA vel capulus), which the ploughman {arator ) took hold of, and by it directed the plough ; vomer,vel -is, the plough-share; buris, a crooked piece of wood,which went between the beam and the plough-share ; hencearatrum curvum,^ represented by Virgil as the principal part ofthe plough, to which there seems to be nothing exactly similarin modern ploughs; to it was fitted the dentale, the share-beam, a piece of timber on which the share was fixed, called byVirgil, duplici dentalia do? so, i. e. lata; and by Varro, the buris were also fixed two aures, supposed to have served. in place of what we call mould-boards, or earth-boards, byAvhich the furrow is enlarged, and the earth thrown back{regeritur) ; culter, much the same as our coulter; ralla, orrulla, vel -mwi, the plough-staff, used for cleaning the plough-share.^ The Romans had ploughs of various kinds ; some with wheels,earth-boards, and coulters, others without them, &c. The com-mon plough had neither coulter nor earth-boards. The other instruments were, ligo, or pala, a spade, usedchiefly in the garden and vineyard, but anciently also in cornfields; RASTRUM, a rake ; sarculuai, a sarcle, a hoe, or weeding-hook; BiDENs, a kind of hoe or drag, with two hooked ironteeth for breaking the clods, and drawing up the earth around 1 Virg. G. i. 84. Plin. nimlam deducendarn. ii. 2. 8. Plin. xviii. 6. 5 Piin. xviiu IS, 5. 8. xviii. 6. 25. 3 quod und;im cUciuut, 4 Ov. Ponf. i. 8,5?. 6 Liv. iii. 26. Hor. Od. 2 ad aqiiam veluli
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