. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology. Fig. 14 Hyomandibular, in lateral views of A, Merlucciusproductus (BMNH : 6) and B, Microgadusproximus (: 237), to show lateral shelf, discussed on p. 101. Kusaka, 1974, figs 176-184 of various gadoids including Macruronus). Branchial arch Macruronus differs from Merluccius in several respects in the lower branchial arch elements (Fig. 17). Macruronus has three median elements, an elongate, dumbell-shaped basihyal, a small cartilaginous 1st basibranchial articulating with the 2nd hypobranchials, an elongate, ossifie
. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology. Fig. 14 Hyomandibular, in lateral views of A, Merlucciusproductus (BMNH : 6) and B, Microgadusproximus (: 237), to show lateral shelf, discussed on p. 101. Kusaka, 1974, figs 176-184 of various gadoids including Macruronus). Branchial arch Macruronus differs from Merluccius in several respects in the lower branchial arch elements (Fig. 17). Macruronus has three median elements, an elongate, dumbell-shaped basihyal, a small cartilaginous 1st basibranchial articulating with the 2nd hypobranchials, an elongate, ossified 2nd basibranchial articulating with 3rd hypobranchials, and a minute, cartilaginous 3rd basibranchial lying at posterior tip of 2nd basibranchial. Between 4th ceratobranchials a tough ligament stretches from 3rd basibranchial, bifurcates and attaches to both 5th ceratobranchials. The 3rd hypobranchial is elongate with ventrally curved medial border; posteriorly it articulates with both 3rd and 4th ceratobranchials, both bearing elongate tooth-plates. Merluccius has a relatively short rod-shaped basihyal, a long cartilaginous basibranchial articulating with 1st and 2nd hypobranchials and a short, arrow-head shaped basibranchial articulating with broadly triangular 3rd hypobranchials (Inada, 1981). Macruronus has 9 long, denticulate gill-rakers on 1st hypo- branchial, Merluccius has 3-10 small, denticulate tubercular rakers. Both genera have elongate cerato- and hypobranchials, the outer ceratobranchials of Macruronus bearing 14-15 rakers, those of Merluccius 11-12. Like other gadoids, Macruronus has two rows of rakers on all arches, those on inner surfaces of 1st and outer and inner surfaces of 2nd^tth hypo- and ceratobranchials, short, flat and spinose; those on inner margins of the elements transversely arranged, with their broadest face directed anteriorly (Fig. 18A). In Merluccius, gill-rakers on inner side of 1st arch and sub- sequent arches are small, tubercular and spin
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