. Eastern forest insects. Forest insects. tan flecks in the wood and inner bark at feeding points. Extensive feeding kills branches, stunts and deforms growing shoots, and may kill entire trees. Mortality usually begins 2 or 3 years after the first flags are seen (235). On red pine, eggs are laid under the outer scales of buds on the upper part of the tree. On jack pine, they are laid in the sheaths of current year's needles or under the bark of dead twigs. The winter is spent in the egg stage and the eggs hatch in the spring just about the time red and jack pine buds begin to elongate. Young
. Eastern forest insects. Forest insects. tan flecks in the wood and inner bark at feeding points. Extensive feeding kills branches, stunts and deforms growing shoots, and may kill entire trees. Mortality usually begins 2 or 3 years after the first flags are seen (235). On red pine, eggs are laid under the outer scales of buds on the upper part of the tree. On jack pine, they are laid in the sheaths of current year's needles or under the bark of dead twigs. The winter is spent in the egg stage and the eggs hatch in the spring just about the time red and jack pine buds begin to elongate. Young nymphs crawl to the ground and begin feeding at the base of alternate host stems, either singly or in small groups. As they feed they form masses of spittle (fig. 16.). To find these masses it is frequently necessary to brush the litter away from the base of the stem. The nymphs reach maturity in about 40 to 70 days, de- pending on the weather. Then they climb to the upper parts of their alternate hosts and transform to adults. The adults then fly to the pine hosts and begin feeding on needle bearing twigs. In the Lake States, adult transformation is about 80 percent com- plete by mid-July. F-489365 Figure 16.—Spittle mass of the Saratoga spittlebug, Aphrophora saratogensis, at base of sweet Nymphal populations are often greatly reduced by late spring- frosts in the Lake States. Hot, dry weather also kills many young nymphs, especially in open plantations. Insect parasites and pre- dators provide a certain amount of control, but are unable to prevent outbreaks. Recommended preventive control measures in- clude selection of sites for red or jack pine plantations that are comparatively free of hosts favored by the nymphs, dense plant- ing so as to secure early crown closure, and planting on good sites. Methods of direct control are discussed by Wilson and Millers (78If) and Wilson and Kennedy (783). Prosapia bicincta (Say) occurs from Massachusetts to Florida and west to
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookcollectionbiodive, booksubjectforestinsects
