. Engineering and Contracting. t in the mains but in the services thatmost of the trouble from freezing occurs, andin the services such trouble usually resultsfrom skimping by plumbers or contractors, re-sulting in the actual laying of the services atdepths considerably less than the mains. Thereis a strong feeling apparent that servicesshould be laid by the municipalities. Twenty-eight of the places replying reportthe tapping of service connections on the topof the main, 39 on the side, 12 on the quarter,and 7 in various ways. Freezing of servicesgenerally starts at the house and backs out in
. Engineering and Contracting. t in the mains but in the services thatmost of the trouble from freezing occurs, andin the services such trouble usually resultsfrom skimping by plumbers or contractors, re-sulting in the actual laying of the services atdepths considerably less than the mains. Thereis a strong feeling apparent that servicesshould be laid by the municipalities. Twenty-eight of the places replying reportthe tapping of service connections on the topof the main, 39 on the side, 12 on the quarter,and 7 in various ways. Freezing of servicesgenerally starts at the house and backs out in-to the main, and it is believed that if serviceswere tapped on the side of the main and thendropped to the depth required to meet localconditions, the lessening of the depth at whichthe main is laid to that justified by the velocityof the water in the main would not result inincreased freezing of services. In determining the depth of pipe, the char-acter of the soil and of the surface of the l^k £ //I 4 \ Y ^ C,^ -fr. ^/7 ^£-iy/yey Fig. 1—Map of United States Showing Relation of Depth of Pipes to Temperature. the Journal of the New England WaterWorks Association. A carefully prepared circular containing anumber of questions bearing on the subject,was sent to three hundred and twenty offi-cials in charge of water works plants andninety replies were received. Each city re-plying was given a number, which number isshown on the accompanying map. Fig. 1, inrelation to the temperature curve. A 2, was prepared in which the horizontallines represent depths to center of pipes andthe vertical lines, the mean temperature ofcoldest month in an average year. On thisdiagram the different places, from which re-plies were received, have been plotted. Thediagonal straight line expresses the relation ofdepth to mean temperature of coldest monthas indicated by an average of the replies re- ing water pipe. Whether these depths areexcessive, however, cannot be predicated fronith
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