. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 1997 Archibold, Brooks, and Delanoy: European Buckthorn 619 the germination bench. Replicate litter and root leachates and distilled water treatments were used in each test which was repeated four times. Similar experiments were conducted on seeds in petri dishes; in this case germination was defined as the emergence of the radicle. In a further test small European Buckthorn saplings with established root systems were planted in field soil in 15 cm plastic pots. The saplings were left for six days to adapt to conditions in the laboratory before
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 1997 Archibold, Brooks, and Delanoy: European Buckthorn 619 the germination bench. Replicate litter and root leachates and distilled water treatments were used in each test which was repeated four times. Similar experiments were conducted on seeds in petri dishes; in this case germination was defined as the emergence of the radicle. In a further test small European Buckthorn saplings with established root systems were planted in field soil in 15 cm plastic pots. The saplings were left for six days to adapt to conditions in the laboratory before adding four toma- to and four lettuce seeds to each pot. (f) Management Potential control methods were tested at one field site. Here a sample of 120 European Buckthorn shrubs was randomly selected. Each tree was cut off at the base and subsequently treated with herbicide or fire; some were left untreated to serve as the con- trol. In the herbicide treatment a 1:1 ratio of chemi- cal to water was applied by wicking or wiping the cut face of the stump. "Round-up" (glyphosate) and "Killex" (2,4-D, mecoprop and dicamba) were eval- uated in these trials. In the burning treatment stumps were girdled with a propane torch which applied a temperature of approximately 1000°C to the cambi- um layer for a duration of 2 to 3 minutes. Studies have shown that typical fire temperatures in shrubby vegetation in this area typically reach a maximum of 500-700°C for 20 to 30 seconds and soil tempera- tures increase only slightly (O. W. Archibold, L. J. Nelson, E. A. Ripley, and L. Delanoy. Fire tempera- ture in selected vegetation communities of northern mixed prairies). The simulated fire applied in this study was therefore of greater intensity and longer duration than in a natural fires. In subsequent trials, a 5 cm wide band of Garlon 4 (triclopyr) mixed with diesel fuel was sprayed to one side of selected European Buckthorn stems about 30 cm above ground level. This str
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