The co-operative movement in Russia; its history, significance and character . vement. The actualities of Russian life do not, however, permitof each form of co-operative organisation keeping strictlywithin the limits of the scope it has set before itself. Thesocieties often overstep these limits, entering u{)on opera-tions which are quite outside of their particular sphere ofactivities, and properly speaking should have been carriedout by other societies. For instance, credit associations asa rule buy agricultural niachineiy, seeds, and other thingsrequired by the peasants ; in localities whe
The co-operative movement in Russia; its history, significance and character . vement. The actualities of Russian life do not, however, permitof each form of co-operative organisation keeping strictlywithin the limits of the scope it has set before itself. Thesocieties often overstep these limits, entering u{)on opera-tions which are quite outside of their particular sphere ofactivities, and properly speaking should have been carriedout by other societies. For instance, credit associations asa rule buy agricultural niachineiy, seeds, and other thingsrequired by the peasants ; in localities where there are noconsumers societies the credit associations do the duties 38 t0-OriiKATH).N IN RUSSIA. of same. They also sell all kintls of ])rofliup, .such as corn,eggs, llax, iVc. It should be noted, liowever, that puicly linancialtransactions, such as opening deposit accounts or givingcredit, are done exclusively by credit societies. We shall analyse each form of co-ojoerative organisationseparately. Artels. The artel is the oldest and most primitive form N. V. Levjtzky. There was a time in Russia, some 25 years ago, whenthe very word (utrl savoured of something were cases of persons sent to the remote Yakoutdistrict under police surveillance for live years and moremerely fur organising artels of bootmakers and cabinet-makers. These persecutions were the outcome ofexaggerated apprehensions current among the Russianauthoritie>, who feared the aitels in view of the CO-OPERATION IX 39 exaggerated hopes they have roused among a portion of theintellectuals, an element of Russian society consideredsuspect in the eyes of the Russian Government. However,neither the exaggerated hopes nor unfounded apprehen-sions could check the growth of the artels; they had takentoo deep a Ioot in the masses of the people. Their strongvitality carried them through until the time when theybegan to be regarded in a sober light and witliout anyexaggerati
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