. Railroad construction. Theory and practice. A textbook for the use of students in colleges and technical schools. By Walter Loring Webb . and also simplifies the constructive also the simplicity of the junction of the wing walls withthe barrel of the arch, there being no re-entrant angles belowthe springing line of the arch. The design here shown is butone of a set of designs for arches varying in span from 6 to 30. MINOR OPENINGS. 193. Cattle-guards, (a) Pit guards. Cattle-guards will beconsidered under the head of minor openings, since the old-fashioned plan of pit guards, which
. Railroad construction. Theory and practice. A textbook for the use of students in colleges and technical schools. By Walter Loring Webb . and also simplifies the constructive also the simplicity of the junction of the wing walls withthe barrel of the arch, there being no re-entrant angles belowthe springing line of the arch. The design here shown is butone of a set of designs for arches varying in span from 6 to 30. MINOR OPENINGS. 193. Cattle-guards, (a) Pit guards. Cattle-guards will beconsidered under the head of minor openings, since the old-fashioned plan of pit guards, which are even now defended andpreferred by some railroad men, requires a break in the con-tinuity of the roadbed. A pit about three feet deep, five feetlong, and as wide as the width of the roadbed, is w^alled up withstone (sometimes with wood), and the rails are supported on heavytimbers laid longitudinally with the rails. The break in thecontinuity of the roadbed produces a disturbance in the elasticwave running through the Iails, the effect of which is noticeableat high velocities. The greatest objection, however, lies in the --41^2--. > X § 193. CULVERTS AND MINOR BRIDGES. 217 dangerous consequences of a derailment or a failure of the tim-bers owing to unobserved decay or destruction by fire—causedperhaps by sparks and cinders from passing locomotives. Thevery insignificance of the structure often leads to careless in- ■■! .t i:; o 1 12 X Vl\ 8
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