. Results of a biological survey of Mount Shasta, California. Natural history; Natural history. OCT., ITINERARY. 11 ated in a descending tongue of Shasta firs between ascending tongues of manzauita chaparral, just above the uppermost grove of ponderosa pines, on the boundary between the, Canadian and Transition zones. It is abundantly supplied with water from several small springs, from which tiny streamlets run short distances before disappearing in the thirsty soil. Some of these springs unite to form a small marsh, in which flourish a number of plants not found elsewhere on the mount


. Results of a biological survey of Mount Shasta, California. Natural history; Natural history. OCT., ITINERARY. 11 ated in a descending tongue of Shasta firs between ascending tongues of manzauita chaparral, just above the uppermost grove of ponderosa pines, on the boundary between the, Canadian and Transition zones. It is abundantly supplied with water from several small springs, from which tiny streamlets run short distances before disappearing in the thirsty soil. Some of these springs unite to form a small marsh, in which flourish a number of plants not found elsewhere on the mountain. It is naturally a favorite spot for birds, and more species were seen here than elsewhere. Wagon Camp was occupied continuously by one or more members of the party from July 15 to August 1, and at brief intervals thereafter until October 3. A few days after reaching the mountain I set out on a trip around the peak in order to become familiar with the general features of the region and lay plans for the season's work. On this trip I was accom- panied by Vernon Bailey, my most experienced field assistant, and by a. Fig. 2.—Sliasta trum east brink of Mud Creek Canyon. voluntary assistant, Lyman L. Merriam. We took saddle horses and a pack animal, which were of material aid, although we had much dif- ficulty in getting them across some of the deep canyons and over the indescribably rough lava on the west side of the mountain. Leaving Wagon Camp on the morning of July 22, we ascended Pan- ther Creek to its source, turned easterly through 'The [South] Gate,' north of Gray and Red buttes, crossed Squaw Creek near its head, and kept on among the timberline white-bark pines to the rim of ]\Iud Creek Canyon (pi. iii), which we followed down into the Shasta firs. The first night was spent in the bottom of this canyon at an altitude of 5,600 feet—some distance below the lower fall. The second day we climbed the steep east bank of the canyon, here 1,000 feet deep (fig. 2), crossed


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