. Agricultural plant pest control : a study manual for commercial and governmental pesticide applicators . Weeds; Pests. ? Dusts are finely ground chemicals that may or may not be mixed with diluents. Their use is limited because of the hazard of drift and the high cost of the herbicide. H Spray Additives Adjuvants or spray additives are often used to enhance herbicidal performance or handling. They include surfactants, anti-foaming agents, compatibility agents, crop oils, crop oil concentrates, and drift control agents. ? Surfactants (surface-active agents) bind two or more incompatible phase
. Agricultural plant pest control : a study manual for commercial and governmental pesticide applicators . Weeds; Pests. ? Dusts are finely ground chemicals that may or may not be mixed with diluents. Their use is limited because of the hazard of drift and the high cost of the herbicide. H Spray Additives Adjuvants or spray additives are often used to enhance herbicidal performance or handling. They include surfactants, anti-foaming agents, compatibility agents, crop oils, crop oil concentrates, and drift control agents. ? Surfactants (surface-active agents) bind two or more incompatible phases, such at water and oil, in more intimate contact by modifying forces between them. A surfactant is any material that affects the surface properties of spray solutions and includes wetting agents, emulsifiers, dispersing agents, detergents, and stickers. ? Wetting agents are materials used to increase a liquid's ability to moisten a solid. They lower the surface ten- sion, bringing the liquid into closer contact with the solid (Figure 11-10). Wetting agents increase or decrease the effectiveness of herbicide sprays; they may also reduce selectivity, especially if selectivity depends on selective wet- ting or selective Figure 11-10 a water soluble herbicide over tiie plant surface: (A) without wetting agent, (B) with wetting agent. n An emulsifier is a material used to disperse one liquid in another. An emulsion is one liquid dispersed in another, each maintaining its original identity. n Dispersing agents reduce cohesion between particles. They are materials used to dis- perse the particles of a solid in a liquid. Some dispersing agents also act as wetting agents, but others have little or no effect on surface tension. Some wetting agents and dispersing agents are not compatible and interfere with each other if used together. ? Detergents are used to remove dirt or grime. They are usually wetting agents and surface active. Many common detergents have been used wit
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