. Guide leaflet. n when in intimate contact if fleas were absent, while if theywere present, the exposed animals quickly came down with thedisease. In man it is now known that plague may at times (as inManchuria) develop a peculiar pneumonic type in which the 53 . XMERh IN Ml SI-J J/ Gl //>/?: LI-:. XFLETS germs are discharged from the mouth and nose as in the case of acommon cold. Pneumonic plague, therefore, spreads directly fromman to man by contact, but in the ordinary or bubonic plague thegerms are not discharged in any of the excretions of the body andcan only be transmitted by the fl
. Guide leaflet. n when in intimate contact if fleas were absent, while if theywere present, the exposed animals quickly came down with thedisease. In man it is now known that plague may at times (as inManchuria) develop a peculiar pneumonic type in which the 53 . XMERh IN Ml SI-J J/ Gl //>/?: LI-:. XFLETS germs are discharged from the mouth and nose as in the case of acommon cold. Pneumonic plague, therefore, spreads directly fromman to man by contact, but in the ordinary or bubonic plague thegerms are not discharged in any of the excretions of the body andcan only be transmitted by the flea. In northern Asia the rodenthost of the plague bacillus is the Siberian marmot or tarbagan,Arctomys bobac, and the first human victims in Manchuria weretrappers and dealers in marmot skins. In California, the groundsquirrel, Citellus variegatus beecheyi, is infected, and the UnitedStates Public Health Service up to September, 1913, had isolatedplague bacilli from 1891 different individuals. A number of human. Fig. 30. SHIP EQUIPPED WITH GUARDS ON THE HAWSERS TO PREVENT LANDING OF INFECTED RATS cases in California were traced to infection from these animals. Themost important carriers of plague germs, however, are the variousrats, the black rat (Mus rait us), the common rat of the middle agesin Europe, the brown rat (.1/. norvegicus), which has now generallysupplanted the smaller and less ferocious black rat, and the roof alexandrinus) which has established itself at many seaports. The modern campaign against plague depends mainly upon thecontrol of the rodent host. Human cases must of course be isolatedbut the great essential is that possibly infected rats on incoming shipsshould be excluded from the wharves by rat-guards on the hawsers,and rats on board destroyed by fumigation. In seaports, or other 54 /XS/iCTS LVD DISEASE cities where plague infection is likely to enter, comprehensive cam-paigns must be organized for the removal of breeding and harborageplaces of
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