The Encyclopaedia Britannica; ..A dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature . may be said to have dated fromthis period. See Lombards, Vol. XIV, p. 815. ASTON MANOR, near Birmingham, Eng., amanufacturing town. Population 1901, 77,, John Jacob, American capitalist; bornin New York in 1823; died there Feb. 22, 1890;received his academic education at Columbia Col-lege; passed some years in Europe; inherited, in1875, a vast fortune from his father, William Although known to the public almost ex-clusively as a man of vast wealth, he was not a meremoney-getter. His charit


The Encyclopaedia Britannica; ..A dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature . may be said to have dated fromthis period. See Lombards, Vol. XIV, p. 815. ASTON MANOR, near Birmingham, Eng., amanufacturing town. Population 1901, 77,, John Jacob, American capitalist; bornin New York in 1823; died there Feb. 22, 1890;received his academic education at Columbia Col-lege; passed some years in Europe; inherited, in1875, a vast fortune from his father, William Although known to the public almost ex-clusively as a man of vast wealth, he was not a meremoney-getter. His charities, though unostentatious,were large. He gave to the Astor Library, foundedby his grandfather, not only over §450,00° in moneyand land, but much personal supervision, and con-tributed year by year unknown thousands to a greatvariety of objects. ASTOR, William Backhouse, capitalist; born inNew York City, Sept. 19, 1792; died there Nov. 24,1875. In 1815 he went into partnership with hisfather, John Jacob Astor, who was engaged in theChina trade. In 1827 the Astors retired from the. WILLIAM WALDORF ASTOR. China trade, and the American Fur Company wasformed, with William B. Astor at the head. Thebusiness prospered, but finally the Astors grew tiredof commerce, and they both withdrew. At hisfathers death William was left sole heir to the Astorfortune. For about 13 years prior to 1873 he wasengaged in building, until much of his hithertounoccupied land was covered with houses. In 1867he owned 720 houses, was heavily interested in rail-road, coal and insurance companies, and at the timeof his death was worth about $45,000,000, which wasdivided between his two sons, John Jacob and Wil-liam Astor. He gave, in money, land and buildings,about §550,000 to the Astor Library. ASTOR, William Waldorf, capitalist and pub-lisher; born in New York, March 13, 1848; gradu-ated at Columbia Collegein 1875; was United Statesminister to Italy from 1882to 1885. In 1S91 he w-entto England, taking up


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