. The American fruit culturist, containing directions for the propagation and culture of all fruits adapted to the United States. Fruit-culture. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 99 on the sides to make them tall, such mismanaged trees assume the appearance of the annexed cut (Fig. 135), and have been compared to a low-bowing dancing-master. A better-shaped tree is shown in Fig. 136. As all nursery-trees succeed bet- ter, are more sure to live, and are more vigorous and make handsomer trees when set out quite young, or at not mora than two years from the bud or graft, the following direction
. The American fruit culturist, containing directions for the propagation and culture of all fruits adapted to the United States. Fruit-culture. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 99 on the sides to make them tall, such mismanaged trees assume the appearance of the annexed cut (Fig. 135), and have been compared to a low-bowing dancing-master. A better-shaped tree is shown in Fig. 136. As all nursery-trees succeed bet- ter, are more sure to live, and are more vigorous and make handsomer trees when set out quite young, or at not mora than two years from the bud or graft, the following directions apply to such trees at the time of planting and immediately afterward. Three or four side-shoots on the unformed tree (Figs. 137 and 138) should be at first selected, to form the main branches and to constitute the foundation or framework of the future top (see Fig. 123). In order to secure a well- formed and nicely balanced head, these shoots must be fre- quently watched through the first summer of growth, and if any of them are disposed to take the lead of the others they should be pinched and checked to maintain an equality. Two buds will be enough to grow on each of these shoots, making eight at the end of the season, taking care that all are distrib- uted at equal distances (Fig. 139). All the other shoots should be rubbed off with the thumb and finger as soon as they form. The second year the same process is repeated on the new shoots, and contin- ued until a handsome, even, symmetrical framework for the future head is obtained, after which comparatively little attention will be necessary. A large orchard of young trees may be managed in this way with a very few days' labor—far less than fig- i39--'Weii-formed that afterward required in cutting out large limbs and giving shape to the distorted tops of full- grown, neglected orchards. These rules will apply, substan- tially, to the pruning of standard pears, except that they generally require less thinning out. Nearly
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