The manufacture of rubber goods : a practical handbook for the use of manufacturers, chemists, and others . the factory,and then the inner sole is put places where these meet, andin particular all inside seams, arecovered with the proofed strip men-tioned above, in order to make themmore durable, but the seams mustalso be made perfect before this isput on. The half-sole is now put on,and then the instep-pieces and heelpieces, after these the web lining and,if required, the German or Russianspurs; the uppers, and finally thesoles, are added, the French spurs be-ing put on if required. Al
The manufacture of rubber goods : a practical handbook for the use of manufacturers, chemists, and others . the factory,and then the inner sole is put places where these meet, andin particular all inside seams, arecovered with the proofed strip men-tioned above, in order to make themmore durable, but the seams mustalso be made perfect before this isput on. The half-sole is now put on,and then the instep-pieces and heelpieces, after these the web lining and,if required, the German or Russianspurs; the uppers, and finally thesoles, are added, the French spurs be-ing put on if required. All the partsmust adhere firmly to one anotherwithout air-spaces between them, andwithout interspaces. The ornamen-tation seen on the upper is produced,so far as it is not due to the outlinesof the toe-cap or to pieces of twinewhich have been put under the outercoat, by means of a small toothedwheel, which is also used to pressthe seams together. An averagewoman worker can turn out a maxi-mum quantity of about forty pairsof shoes per day. (e) Varnishing.—This is the final operation before the shoes are. % J 1 1 = <i\^ 1 ( if 1 it 1 il \ 1: .I i BiiSa3as™==!.«53;II 1 1 Ip #a V. 186 RUBBER MANUFACTURE. vulcanised. The varnish itself is an important secret of every rubber shoe factory. Adeep black, non-brittle,elastic varnish is difficultto prepare. It consistsin general of linseed oil,litharge, and sulphur, witha little oil of turpentine,and is painted over thewhole of the shoe, includ-ing the sole, by meansof a large martens-hairbrush, the solution beingmade sufficiently thin notto froth. If frothing takesplace the solution mustbe diluted. Varnishescontaining a ready-madeblack ingredient, such asasphaltum, are not, as arule, so valuable, and aregenerally used only forafte^r-varnishing. InAmerica shoes are var-nished in the followingway. The shoes arearranged on their lasts oniron racks, and are takento the varnishing - room,where they are removedfrom the racks; the topedge
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