. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. 316 AYES. bands from the lower and internal edge of the lower jaw; these unite and surround the cerato- hyals or cornua of the os hyoides; and as they draw forward the os hyoides, protrude the tongue from the beak. 4th. The Cerato-hyoideus passes from the rerato-hyal to the ufo-hyal, and is therefore subservient to the lateral movements of the tongue. 5th. The Sterno-hyoidei are replaced by a slip of muscle which extends from the anterior surface of the upper larynx to be attached to the base of the glosso-hyal. 6th. A s
. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. 316 AYES. bands from the lower and internal edge of the lower jaw; these unite and surround the cerato- hyals or cornua of the os hyoides; and as they draw forward the os hyoides, protrude the tongue from the beak. 4th. The Cerato-hyoideus passes from the rerato-hyal to the ufo-hyal, and is therefore subservient to the lateral movements of the tongue. 5th. The Sterno-hyoidei are replaced by a slip of muscle which extends from the anterior surface of the upper larynx to be attached to the base of the glosso-hyal. 6th. A small and short muscle is single or azygos; it passes from the basi-hyal to the under part of the glosso-hyal; it depresses the tip of the tongue and elevates its base. 7th. A short muscle which arises from the junction of the basi-hyal with the cerato- and uro-hyals, and is inserted into the upper and outer angle of the base of the glosso-hyal. All these muscles are remarkably large in the Woodpecker, in which there is a singular pair of muscles that may be termed Cerato- tracheales, ( h, fig. 154.) They arise from the trachea about eight lines from the upper larynx, twist fourtimes spirally round the trachea, and then pass forward to be inserted into the base of the cerato-hyals. This is the principal re- tractor of the singular tongue in this species. Salivary glands.—The salivary organs, being in general developed in a degree corresponding to the extent of the changes which the food undergoes in the mouth, and the length of time during which it is there detained, are by no means so conspicuous a part of the diges- tive system in Birds as in Mammals. Glands which pour out their secretion upon the food prior to deglutition are, however, met with in every bird,"but vary in number, position, and complexity of structure. In some species, as the Crow, they are of • the simplest structure, consisting of a series of unbranched, cone-shaped follicles or tubules, opening sep
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