. History of New York City : embracing an outline sketch of events from 1609 to 1830, and a full account of its development from 1830 to 1884. ur political system. The practical effects of universalsuffrage, very little restricted, had opened a wide door for the political * The device of the certificate of membership adopted by the society was a pointedarch composed of two cornucopias resting on two columns, on each side of which weretwo figures, one of Liberty, the other of Justice. On a pedestal bearing the former werethe figures 177G ; on that bearing the latter were the figures 17«!>. B
. History of New York City : embracing an outline sketch of events from 1609 to 1830, and a full account of its development from 1830 to 1884. ur political system. The practical effects of universalsuffrage, very little restricted, had opened a wide door for the political * The device of the certificate of membership adopted by the society was a pointedarch composed of two cornucopias resting on two columns, on each side of which weretwo figures, one of Liberty, the other of Justice. On a pedestal bearing the former werethe figures 177G ; on that bearing the latter were the figures 17«!>. Below the foundationupon which the two columns rest is an arch resting upon rocks. The arch is composedof thirteen stones, bearing the respective names of the thirteen original States. Thekey-stone is Pennsylvania, and it is snpposed by some that this feature in the Tammanycertificate of membership was the origin of the calling of Pennsylvania the KeystoneState. Below this arch is a view of land and water and symbols of agriculture and com-merce. The certificate was designed by Dr. Charles Buxton, and engraved on copper byGeorge FIRST DECADE, 1830-1840. 245 influences of a new class of citizens. These were aliens from Europe,most of them illiterate, and all of them strangers to our laws andour free institutions. These immigrants were mostly from were met by naturalization laws which discriminated in theirfavor, as to native-born citizens. The American citizen arriving- at the age of accountability has towait seven years before he may exercise the great right and privilegeof the elective franchise ; the foreigner, however ignorant or debased,might attain that grand acquisition of American citizenship in Jiveyears. This discrimination had been made by a party in power for the pur-pose of securing the votes of these foreigners, of whom fully ninetyper cent could neither read nor write, and who, as a rule, could bebought and sold like dumb, driven cattle. New
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