. The art of horse-shoeing : a manual for farriers . Flo. 38.—Double-grooved ground-surface. A Rodway shoe has two longitudinal grooves andthree ridges on its ground-surface. The outer groove THE FORM AND MANUFACTURE OF SHOES. 59 carries the nails, and the inner groove lightens the shoeand increases the foot-hold. It is not the number ofgrooves or ridges that prevents slipping; it is the absenceof a continuous flat surface of iron, and the existence ofirregularities which become filled up with sand and four-grooved shoe has no more anti-slipping j^roper-ties than a three-grooved, and a
. The art of horse-shoeing : a manual for farriers . Flo. 38.—Double-grooved ground-surface. A Rodway shoe has two longitudinal grooves andthree ridges on its ground-surface. The outer groove THE FORM AND MANUFACTURE OF SHOES. 59 carries the nails, and the inner groove lightens the shoeand increases the foot-hold. It is not the number ofgrooves or ridges that prevents slipping; it is the absenceof a continuous flat surface of iron, and the existence ofirregularities which become filled up with sand and four-grooved shoe has no more anti-slipping j^roper-ties than a three-grooved, and a one-grooved shoe is asgood as either, although it cannot stand the sameamount of wear. Transverse ridges and notches have also been triedas ground-surfaces for shoes, but offer very little, if any,better grip than the longitudinal grooves. Their greatdisadvantage is that they cannot be mads deep enoughwithout weakening the shoe, whilst, if shallow, thej araworn out before the shoe has been long in Fig. 38.—Ground-surfaces, notches, project!ons„ ridges. A Calkin is the name given to the extremity of ashoe when turned down at the heels. Calkins are usedon most hind shoes and, in some parts of the country, onfore shoes. They are supposed to be the most convenientand effective means of giving good foot-hold. This sup-position is correct when a horse travels on soft groundor on streets so paved that a space is left between eachcourse of stones. They are of very little use on asphaltor wood pavement and not much more use on roller- <30 THE ART OF HORSE-SHOEING. made macadam. With light, modern carriages and levelmodern roads, calkins are quite unnecessary, and bettermeans of giving foot-hold may be substitued. It is afact that horses, when shoes are new and calkins prom-inent, do their work without slipping, and that when thecalkins are worn down, the horse moves with less con-fidence and security. This does not prove that calkinsare necessary. It must be remembered t
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