. Economic Papers. ncrete Slab and Beam Bridges 50 XIX Reinforced Concrete Slab and Beam Bridge 52 XX Concrete and Rubble Arch Culverts 52 Figure Page 1 Three Bridges were Eliminated by Relocating This Road 11 2 In Replacing an Old Culvert the Area of Waterway and the New Culvert Should be Approximately the Same as That under the Old 15 3 Methods of Spreading the Weight of a Concrete Structure over a Large Foundation Area 16 4 A Portable Pile Driver 17 5 Concrete Outiet Drop for Use in Soils Which are Easily Eroded 19 6 Cofferdam for Use in Shallow Water 21 7 (a) Dry Land Trestle Be
. Economic Papers. ncrete Slab and Beam Bridges 50 XIX Reinforced Concrete Slab and Beam Bridge 52 XX Concrete and Rubble Arch Culverts 52 Figure Page 1 Three Bridges were Eliminated by Relocating This Road 11 2 In Replacing an Old Culvert the Area of Waterway and the New Culvert Should be Approximately the Same as That under the Old 15 3 Methods of Spreading the Weight of a Concrete Structure over a Large Foundation Area 16 4 A Portable Pile Driver 17 5 Concrete Outiet Drop for Use in Soils Which are Easily Eroded 19 6 Cofferdam for Use in Shallow Water 21 7 (a) Dry Land Trestle Bent, lb) Pile Trestle Bent 22 8 A Support Should be used Under the Joints of a Pipe Culvert in Soft Ground. 25 9 Types of End Walls 26 10 Measuring Box for a Batch of 1 : 2 : 4 of Concrete Containing four bags of Cement. Fiii Level Full of Stone, Half Full of Sand 33 11 Methods of Bracing Forms 34 12 Board for Bending Reinforced Steel 36 13 Method of Determining Length of Small Culverts 38 14 Steel I-beam Bridges 44. CULVERTS AND SMALL BRIDGES FORCOUNTRY ROADS INNORTH CAROLINA By C. R. THOMAS and T. F. HICKERSON INTRODUCTION The rapid progress made in the improvement of roads throughout theState in the past few years has led to the demand for a much betterclass of culverts and bridges than it has been the practice heretofore tobuild. As a result, there has been a marked general improvement in thecharacter of waterways and an increased interest among county officialsin their construction. There still remains, however, a lack of uniformityin construction and a proper appreciation of the many types of culvertswhich are suitable for small waterways. It is the aim of this bulletin to cover these points in a manner intel-ligible to a road builder of some experience. In doing this, matter hasbeen included which is comparatively simple to an engineer. On theother hand, a road superintendent who has had some experience inbuilding culverts and small bridges, and understands a drawing shou
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