Man showing Torah for reading in public must be written on the skin (parchment) of a clean animal, beast or fowl (comp. Lev. xi. 2 et seq.)

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Man showing Torah for reading in public must be written on the skin (parchment) of a clean animal, beast or fowl (comp. Lev. xi. 2 et seq.). The parchment must be prepared specially for use as a scroll, with gallnut and lime and other chemicals that help to render it durable (Meg. 19a). In olden times the rough hide was scraped on both sides, parchment made known as gewil. Every page was squared, and the lines were ruled with a stylus. Only the best black ink was used by means of a stick or quill; and the text was in square Hebrew characters.

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