Archive image from page 33 of The depths of the ocean;. The depths of the ocean; a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic depthsofoceange00murr Year: 1912 DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN Phipps' deep- sea soundings. Saussure. Krusenstern. Kotzebue. John Ross and Sabine. Parry. d'Urville. Per on. Scoresby. Lenz. Thouars. Martins and Bravais. James Clark Ross. Aime. Maury. I'ullen. During this expedition also some of the earliest attempts at deep-sea sounding were made by Captain Phipps, th
Archive image from page 33 of The depths of the ocean;. The depths of the ocean; a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic depthsofoceange00murr Year: 1912 DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN Phipps' deep- sea soundings. Saussure. Krusenstern. Kotzebue. John Ross and Sabine. Parry. d'Urville. Per on. Scoresby. Lenz. Thouars. Martins and Bravais. James Clark Ross. Aime. Maury. I'ullen. During this expedition also some of the earliest attempts at deep-sea sounding were made by Captain Phipps, the deepest sounding being 683 fathoms, from which depth he brought up a sample of Blue mud. In 1780 Saussure determined the temperature of the Mediterranean at depths of 300 and 600 fathoms by protected thermometers, and in 1782 Six's maximum and minimum thermometer was invented, and subsequently made use of by Krusenstern in 1803, by Kotzebue in 1815, by Sir John Ross accompanied by Sir Edward Sabine in 1818, by Parry in 1819, and by Dumont d'Urville in 1826. Slow-conduct- ing water - bottles were used by Peron in 1800, by Scoresby in 1811, who recorded warmer water beneath the colder sur- face layers in the Arctic regions, and by Kotzebue accompanied by Lenz in 1823. Protected thermo- meters were used for deep - sea temperatures by Thouars in 1832, by Martins and Bravais in 1839, and by Sir James Clark Ross during his Antarctic expedition from 1839 to 1843, tne last~ mentioned making also many observations on the density of the water at various depths. In 1843 Aime introduced reversible outflow thermometers, and about 1851 Maury used cylinders of non-conducting material for taking temperatures in deep water. But it was only when thermo- meters with bulbs properly protected from pressure came into use that oceanic temperatures could be recorded with precision. The first thermometer of this kind seems to have been used in 1857 by Captain Pullen of 'Cyclops,' and shortly t
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