. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. 16 BULLETIN" 475, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. inch. (See diagram of cross section, fig. 2.) The churn turns at the rate of 52 and the cylinder 168 revolutions per minute. One side of the churn is fitted with a hinged door to permit the reception of un- winged seed and their removal after churning. Three bushels of seed can be put through at a time, and about 80 bushels in a day. Each bushel will yield 10 or 11 pounds of clean seed, so that the daily capacity of the churn is from 800 to 900 pounds. This devic
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. 16 BULLETIN" 475, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. inch. (See diagram of cross section, fig. 2.) The churn turns at the rate of 52 and the cylinder 168 revolutions per minute. One side of the churn is fitted with a hinged door to permit the reception of un- winged seed and their removal after churning. Three bushels of seed can be put through at a time, and about 80 bushels in a day. Each bushel will yield 10 or 11 pounds of clean seed, so that the daily capacity of the churn is from 800 to 900 pounds. This device has been found unsatisfactory in only one respect. Refuse mixed with the seed occasionally breaks out one of the teeth and this! in turn is quite likely to break out several others. It is thought that this defect can be remedied by the use of teeth of spring steel. Screening and Fanning. The final cleaning of seed is done by screening and fanning. Where no fanning mill is available, fairly clean seed may be obtained in the following manner: First, pass the seed through a wire screen to remove the coarser particles, such as pieces of cone scales, twigs, and. Fig. ys" -Cross section of wing-removing churn. needles, and then through a screen of smaller mesh to remove the finer chaff and pieces of broken wings; second, winnow the remaining seed in the wind or by bellows or other mechanical devices. Seed may be fanned in one of the ordinary farm machines for cleaning grain (PI. V). They remove practically all broken and empty seed as well as much of the resin and other impurities, if the draft is properly regulated and the screens with the right-sized mesh are used. It is essential that the wings be removed from seed before fanning, otherwise many good winged seeds will be lost. Not in- frequently, particularly with poorly adjusted machines, the seed must be fanned more than once before it is thoroughly cleaned. By the use of a grain-grading machine, the extracting plant
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