. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture. yL.^"^\ift. % BULLETIN No. 431 Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief. sZ^%j-u Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER February 9, 1917 SACBROOD. By G. F. White, Expert, Engaged in the Investigation of Bee Diseases. CONTENTS. Introduction 1 Historical account 2 Name of the disease 4 Appearance of healtliy brood at the age at which it dies of sacbrood 6 Symptoms of sacbrood 10 Cause of sacbrood 24 Weakening effect of sacbrood upon a 30 Amoimt of virus required to produce the dis- ease, and the rap
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture. yL.^"^\ift. % BULLETIN No. 431 Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief. sZ^%j-u Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER February 9, 1917 SACBROOD. By G. F. White, Expert, Engaged in the Investigation of Bee Diseases. CONTENTS. Introduction 1 Historical account 2 Name of the disease 4 Appearance of healtliy brood at the age at which it dies of sacbrood 6 Symptoms of sacbrood 10 Cause of sacbrood 24 Weakening effect of sacbrood upon a 30 Amoimt of virus required to produce the dis- ease, and the rapidity of its increase 31 Methods used in making experimental inocula- tions 32 Means for the destruction of the virus of sac- brood 34 Heating required to destroy sacbrood virus when suspended in water 34 Heating required to destroy sacbrood virus when suspended in glycerine 35 Heating required to destroy sacbrood virus when suspended in honey 36 Resistance of sacbrood virus to drying at room temperature 37 Resistance of sacbrood virus to direct simlight when dry 38 Resistance of sacbrood virus to direct sunlight when suspended in water 39 Resistance of sacbrood virus to direct sunlight when suspended in honey 40 Length of time that sacbrood virus remains virulent in honey 40 Resistance of sacbrood virus to the presence of fermentative processes 41 Resistance of sacbrood virus to fermentation in diluted honey at outdoor temperature 42 Resistance of sacbrood virus to the presence of putrefactive processes 43 Resistance of sacbrood virus to carbolic 44 Modes of transmission of sacbrood 46 Diagnosis of sacbrood 48 Prognosis 49 Relation of these studies to the treatment of sacbrood 50 Summary and conclusions 52 Literature cited 53 INTRODUCTION. Sacbrood is an infectious disease of the brood of bees. It is fre- quently encountered and has often been the cause of fear on the part of beekeepers through a suspicion that one of the naore serious maladies—the foulbroods—was p
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