. Medieval architecture, its origins and development, with lists of monuments and bibliographies. sites. It is not surprising that the intensereligion of the Normans preferred monk to priest, and saw inthe monastery the highest ideal of the religious life. The layclergy, therefore, however envious they might be of the monasticorders, were forced into the background. In time they becamealmost entirely subjected to the monasteries, losing all semblanceof temporal power. Thus the Norman church in the XI cen-tury was entirely under the influence of the monastic ideal andthat the ideal of Cluny. In
. Medieval architecture, its origins and development, with lists of monuments and bibliographies. sites. It is not surprising that the intensereligion of the Normans preferred monk to priest, and saw inthe monastery the highest ideal of the religious life. The layclergy, therefore, however envious they might be of the monasticorders, were forced into the background. In time they becamealmost entirely subjected to the monasteries, losing all semblanceof temporal power. Thus the Norman church in the XI cen-tury was entirely under the influence of the monastic ideal andthat the ideal of Cluny. In one point only the teaching of Cluny failed to influenceNormandy. The papal claim to the temporal supremacy ofChristendom was never recognized by the Norman partly to the extraordinarily cordial relations that The duke in the XI century made and unmade abbots at his will. This broke at oncethe power of the bishops, whose influence became positively less in the enthusiastically religiousXI century, than it had been in the half pagan X century. See Bohmer, op. cit., p. 26 seq. 244. III. \i-i. — Juiiiiiw^- IriiiM tin- Ndrtli THE NORMAN CHURCH existed between William the Conqueror and the Holy See, espe-cially during the pontificate of Gregory Vll (1073-1085), andpartly to the great burst of national pride which followed theconquest of England (1066), the Norman Church managedalways to remain independent of Rome. The right of inves-titure by the didve was never seriously disputed at a time whenthis (juestion was distracting the Empire; William appointedabbot and bishop at his will, and no one thought of free bishops could go to Rome or to a council only withthe express permission of the duke; papal legates but seldomvisited the land. Thus the Norman Church was earnest andpure; but it was ruled by the duke and not by the pope. All this was changed after the death of William the Con-queior (1087). The middle of the XI century is the apogee ofthe order of
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