. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. Geology. 406 F. P. GULLIVER—CUSPATE / probably changing, and tlie down-current curve is reall}^ made up of two curves, and the up-current curve offsets the down-current one in each case. Typical examples of overlap occur as follows: Perdido bay, Florida (C. S., 187); Corpus Christi pass, Texas (C. S., 210); Townsends and Corsons inlets (New Jersey atlas, 17), and Fire Island inlet, Long island (C. S., 119). The overlap is an intermediate form between the offset and the deflected stream. A graded series of examples might be given from
. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. Geology. 406 F. P. GULLIVER—CUSPATE / probably changing, and tlie down-current curve is reall}^ made up of two curves, and the up-current curve offsets the down-current one in each case. Typical examples of overlap occur as follows: Perdido bay, Florida (C. S., 187); Corpus Christi pass, Texas (C. S., 210); Townsends and Corsons inlets (New Jersey atlas, 17), and Fire Island inlet, Long island (C. S., 119). The overlap is an intermediate form between the offset and the deflected stream. A graded series of examples might be given from simple offset through various coml)inations of overlap to a case of stream deflection without any offset. Along coasts which are formed of unconsolidated materials it is frequently observed that rivers, brooks, or tidal channels aim toward the sea for a certain dis- tance and then turn and run along nearlv parallel to the shoreline and finally em})ty to the right or the left of the point which would have been their direct course to the sea. The river's intention to reacli the sea as quickly as possible is evidently not carried out where such deflection is seen. Some disturbing force has come in. There seems little doubt that this force is the current alongshore which has turned the outlet of the stream. Such has been the explanation of many authors.* Figure 3 shows the relation of current to deflection of streams. The materials of which the foreland is constructed come from the main- land and the bottom on the up-current side, while on the down-current side they must be carried inshore from the point of the cusp or else built up from the bottom. This carrying back of sands from the point toward the mainland would frequently cause a hooked spit to form on the end of the cusp ; therefore in this class cf cusps a hook may be exjiected. Off the tip of the cusp irregular shifting shoals should occur, from which projections, like underwater spits, might be expected to extend in th
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