. Mediæval and modern history . a secret arrangement between theOttoman Porte and the English government, was ceded to Eng-land to be occupied and administered. In return Englandguaranteed the integrity of the Sultans possessions in Asia. 1 In this treaty the great powers revised the Treaty of San Stefano which Russia hadconcluded with Turkey. This treaty practically expelled the Ottoman Porte from Europeand created an enlarged Bulgaria at the expense of the Serbian and Greek races. ^ The absolute independence of Rumania (the ancient provinces of Moldavia andWallachia), Serbia, and Montenegro
. Mediæval and modern history . a secret arrangement between theOttoman Porte and the English government, was ceded to Eng-land to be occupied and administered. In return Englandguaranteed the integrity of the Sultans possessions in Asia. 1 In this treaty the great powers revised the Treaty of San Stefano which Russia hadconcluded with Turkey. This treaty practically expelled the Ottoman Porte from Europeand created an enlarged Bulgaria at the expense of the Serbian and Greek races. ^ The absolute independence of Rumania (the ancient provinces of Moldavia andWallachia), Serbia, and Montenegro was formally acknowledged; Bulgaria, greatlyreduced from the extension given it by the Treaty of San Stefano, was to enjoy self-government, but was to pay tribute to the Porte; Eastern Rumelia was to have aChristian governor, but was to remain under the dominion of the Sultan. In 1885 EasternRumelia united with Bulgaria. Bessarabia, whose population was almost wholly Rumanianin race, was taken from Rumania and given to § 654] ? EMANCIPATION OF RUSSIAN SERFS 575 Turkey thus lost much of her former territory. There were,however, still left in Europe under the direct authority of theSultan five million or more subjects of whom at least half wereChristian in religion and non-Turkish in race. The interests ofthese peoples were thus sacrificed to the rival ambition^ andmutual jealousies of the great powers. Time brought retributionfor the great crime. It was the evil rule of the Turk in theseregions — the great powers weakly allowing him to ignore all hispromises of reform^—-which was one of the direct causes of theBalkan wars of 1912-1913, the prelude to the cataclysm of 1914. II. THE EMANCIPATION OF THE SERFS, AND THELIBERAL MOVEMENT 654. Emancipation of the Russian Serfs (1861). The nameof Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) will live -in history as theEmancipator of the forty-six millions of Russian serfs. In orderto render intelligible what emancipation meant for the se
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