. Bulletin - Biological Survey. Zoology, Economic. 76 WOODPECKEES IN RELATION TO TEEES. with stains, the grain is gnarled and in some cases (PL VIII, fig. 1) strongly bent outward, and the wood is unfit for any of the ordinary uses of the lumber except fuel or coarse construction. (Specimens from near Scotts Run, Fairfax County, Va.) Slippery elm (TJlmus fulva).—The defects resulting from moder- ate sapsucker work are short (one-fourth to one-half inch) wavy checks surrounded by black stain extending up to one-half inch both verti- cally and horizontally on the surface of the wounded annual ri
. Bulletin - Biological Survey. Zoology, Economic. 76 WOODPECKEES IN RELATION TO TEEES. with stains, the grain is gnarled and in some cases (PL VIII, fig. 1) strongly bent outward, and the wood is unfit for any of the ordinary uses of the lumber except fuel or coarse construction. (Specimens from near Scotts Run, Fairfax County, Va.) Slippery elm (TJlmus fulva).—The defects resulting from moder- ate sapsucker work are short (one-fourth to one-half inch) wavy checks surrounded by black stain extending up to one-half inch both verti- cally and horizontally on the surface of the wounded annual ring, and by light brown stain for a much greater distance. The stains penetrate the wood under the wounds. Where several pecks are close together, the defects are much worse, being open knotty checks up to H- square inches and with open fissures extending one-half inch or more toward the bark (fig. 28). These large de- fects are stained black and are surrounded by brown stain extending 4 inches or more. The grain is curled over the pecks. The blemishes seriously afreet both strength and beauty. (Specimens from Longbridge, La.) A trunk from Missouri (A. M., 278) contains small black. checks and brown stains resulting from sap- sucker work. Hackberry {Celtis mississippiensis).— Healed sapsucker punctures in this species appear as transverse dark brown stains from which lighter brown stains run sewral inches both up and down the grain, and from which also open checks, more or less filled with easily removable soft tissue, extend toward the bark for varying distances up to an inch (fig. 29). These cheeks one-fourth to one-half inch wide. The defects injure the lumber in both appearance and strength. (Cottonport, La., Feb. 14, 1910.) Species of Ulmace*: blemished.—Rock elm, winged elm, white elm, slippery elm, water elm (A. M.), Celtis occidentalis (F.), and ('eltis mississippii nsis. THE FOUR O'CLOCK FAMILY (\Y< TA(). The wood of blolly (Torrubia longifolia)
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