. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. COMPOSITAE 701 tubes 3-5 mm. and ligules 8-16 mm. long. The style grows through the anther-cylinder, sweeping before it the pollen which adheres to its spinose sweeping-hairs, for 6 mm., 2^ mm. of this being taken up by its branches. In the second stage of anthesis these branches gradually diverge and bend back until the stigmatic papillae touch the pollen clinging to the sweeping-hairs, so that automatic self-pol- lination must take place if insect-visits f
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. COMPOSITAE 701 tubes 3-5 mm. and ligules 8-16 mm. long. The style grows through the anther-cylinder, sweeping before it the pollen which adheres to its spinose sweeping-hairs, for 6 mm., 2^ mm. of this being taken up by its branches. In the second stage of anthesis these branches gradually diverge and bend back until the stigmatic papillae touch the pollen clinging to the sweeping-hairs, so that automatic self-pol- lination must take place if insect-visits fail. Linnaeus says that the heads open at Upsala about 6 , and close again about 5 Visitors.— Herm. Miiller gives the following list for Lippstadt.— A. Coleoptera. i. Coccinella quinquepunc- tata L. B. Diptera. {a) Conopidae : 2. Occemyia atra .F., skg.; 3. Sicus ferrugineus Z., do. (6) Syrphidae: 4. Eristalis arbustorum Z., very com- mon, po-dvg. and skg.; 5. E. nemorum Z., skg.; 6. E. tenax Z., very common, po-dvg. and skg.; 7. Syr- phus balteatus Deg., do.; 8. S. ribesii Z., po-dvg. C. Hymenoptera. {a) Apidae : 9. Apis mellifica Z. 5, freq., skg. and po- cltg.; 10. Bombus lapida- rius Z. 5, skg.; 11. Coe- lioxys conoidea ///. 5, do.; 12. C. simplex Nyl. 5, do.; 13. Dasypoda hirtipes F. 5, skg. and po-cltg.; 14. Halictus cylindricus F. S, skg.; 15. H. leucozonius Schr. 5 and J, po-cltg. and skg.; 16. H. villosulus K. $ and S, do.; 17. H. zonulus Sm. j; 18. Megachile argentata F. 5, skg.; 19. M. willughbiella K. S, do.; 20. Panurgus calcaratus Scop. 5 and S, po-cltg. and skg.; 21. Sphecodes gibbus Z. S, skg. {b) Chrysididae: 22. Hedychrum lucidulum F. S. D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: ail skg.: 23. Hesperia sp.; 24. Lycaena icarus Rott.; 25. Pieris napi Z., freq.; 26. P. rapae Z.; 27. Polyommatus dorilis Hfn.; 28. Pararge megaera Z., do.; 29. Vanessa urticae Z., not infrequent. Alfken observed the following.— In Juist.—A. Diptera. {a) Muscidae: i. Cynomyia mortu
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