. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology. 14 MORPHOLOGY OF CERASTINAE case. Following Platnick, all the available optimising options available under PAUP were used, as well as various levels of hold, and the BLRANGE option, but no additional trees were found in this way. The PAUP run produced three equally parsimonious trees, each with a length of 42 steps and a consistency index of Two of these trees are accounted for by an unresolved trichotomy involving the two groups of Edouardia with the Rhachistia and Amimopina pairing; in the third tree this trichotomy was resol
. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology. 14 MORPHOLOGY OF CERASTINAE case. Following Platnick, all the available optimising options available under PAUP were used, as well as various levels of hold, and the BLRANGE option, but no additional trees were found in this way. The PAUP run produced three equally parsimonious trees, each with a length of 42 steps and a consistency index of Two of these trees are accounted for by an unresolved trichotomy involving the two groups of Edouardia with the Rhachistia and Amimopina pairing; in the third tree this trichotomy was resolved with the two Edouardia emerging as sister groups. This problem is perhaps best overcome by treating Edouardia as a resolved monophyletic taxon for the purposes of the following discussion, in which the character- state changes involved in this area of the tree are considered in more detail. The resulting cladogram is shown in Fig. 28. The entire Cerastinae are separated from the designated outgroup (Ena) on the basis of six characters of the soft anatomy, three of which may be considered strong synapomorphies defining the subfamily: the presence of renal and rectal folds or ridges (Characters 1, 2) and of a pigmented atrial region (Character 13) are, with very few exceptions, characteristic of the whole group. There are also changes in epiphallar orna- mentation (Character 4), with the development of a longitu- dinal row of spines, and in the insertion of the penial retractor which moves from the penis to the epiphallus (Character 9).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Farn, Alexander E. London : Butterworths
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