. Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 11. Forests and forestry. 120 PAPER BIRCH Betula alba var. papyrifera, (Marshall) Spach FOEM—A large tree usually attaining a height of 60-76 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft.; but may reach a height of 80 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. Trunk in open grown trees short and covered nearly to the base with lateral, often ascending branches; In close stands branchless below and bearing a narrow open head. BARK—On trqnk and older branches chalky to creamy white and peeling off In thin fllm- like layers which are tinged with yellow and covered with
. Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 11. Forests and forestry. 120 PAPER BIRCH Betula alba var. papyrifera, (Marshall) Spach FOEM—A large tree usually attaining a height of 60-76 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft.; but may reach a height of 80 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. Trunk in open grown trees short and covered nearly to the base with lateral, often ascending branches; In close stands branchless below and bearing a narrow open head. BARK—On trqnk and older branches chalky to creamy white and peeling off In thin fllm- like layers which are tinged with yellow and covered with horixonUUy-elongated lenticelt. On older trunks rough and often fissured Into irregular thick scales. TWIGS-aather stout, somewhat viscid, decidedly hairy, at first greenish, later becoming smooth, reddish-brown and after several years, bright white, like the trunk, covered with pale, horizontally-elongated, orange-colored lentlctls. BUDfr-Altemate. ovate, sharp-pointed, divergent, about i of an Inch long, dark chestnut- brown in color, covered by a few overlapping bud-scales with downy margins. LEAVES-Altemate, simple, ovate, 2-3 inches long, lJ-2 inches wide, rather firm in texture; upper surface dark green, under surface light green; narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply toothed on the margin and sharp-pointed at the apex. LEAF-SCAKS—See "Leaf-Scars" under Black Birch, page 124. FLOWEBS-Appear in April or May before the leaves. The staminate are arranged in aments, which occur in groups of 2-3 and are about MJ inches long, becoming 31-4 inches long in spring. The pistUlate have light green lanceolate scales and bright red styles, and are arranged in clusters about 1-1 i inches long. FEUIT—A cylindrical, short-stalked strobile about U inches long. Scales long, with thick lateral lobes and a rather long terminal lobe. Seeds are small and winged. Wings are wider than the nut. WOOD—Diffuse-porous; rays small and inconspicuous; light, strong, hard, light br
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